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This is the sum of the emissions from raw materials, production, shipping, operation and end-of-life disposal – not just how clean it is to operate. Battery production is known to be the most energy-intensive part of the manufacturing process of an EV. The New Zealand PowerGrid. THE BOTTOM LINE.
That’s why when measuring the efficiency of a vehicle, it’s become common to measure the processes involved in the entire ‘life cycle’ of a vehicle – what’s referred to as ‘cradle to grave’, or the sum of the emissions from raw materials, production, shipping, operation, and recycling – not just how clean it is to drive.
That need for balance is true of electric powergrids, too. Spiking demand for electric heat collided with supply problems created by frozen natural-gas equipment and below-average wind-powerproduction. Packetized energy management (PEM) allows the powergrid to flexibly handle a varying supply of renewable energy.
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