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A University of Utah engineer has developed an inexpensive new method to remove oil sheen by repeatedly pressurizing and depressurizing ozone gas, creating microscopic bubbles that attack the oil so it can be removed by sand filters. Water from mining of oil sands and oil shale. Heavy metals in soil.
Through a recent modeling experiment, a team of NASA-funded researchers have found that future concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone in the atmosphere and of nitrogen in the soil are likely to have an important but overlooked effect on the cycling of water from sky to land to waterways. Credit: NASA. Click to enlarge.
Unlike exhaust from burning coal and gas that contains CO 2 , burning hydrogen emits only water vapor and oxygen. Hydrogen is not a greenhouse gas, but its chemical reactions in the atmosphere affect greenhouse gases such as methane, ozone, and stratospheric water vapor. Sand et al.
(Japan) report in the journal Angewandte Chemie the development of a mesoporous two-line ferrihydrite (2LFh)—ferrihydrite is a widespread mineral composed of iron, oxygen, and water—that could lead to a new generation of ozone filters in electrostatic devices and aircraft applications. removal; it showed about 95 % O 3.
The market for water treatment for hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) to produce previously inaccessible shale gas will grow nine-fold to $9 billion in 2020, according to a new report from Lux Research. —Brent Giles, Lux Research Analyst and lead author of “ Risk and Reward in the Frack Water Market ”.
Black carbon and tropospheric ozone are harmful air pollutants that also contribute to climate change. Reducing black carbon and tropospheric ozone now will slow the rate of climate change within the first half of this century, the study said.
The California Air Resources Board today approved a statewide plan for attaining the federal health-based standard for ozone, typically experienced as smog. The 2022 State Implementation Plan Strategy identifies the state’s control strategy for meeting the federal 70 parts per billion, 8-hour ozone standard over the next 15 years.
Among the many climate-related vulnerabilities that can impact its mission, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cites a likely increase in tropospheric ozone pollution as potentially making it more difficult to attain National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) in many areas with existing ozone problems.
Illustration of projected ozone changes in the South Coast region due to climate change in 2050. Areas in orange and red could see ozone concentrations elevated by 9 to 18 parts per billion. We already know that climate change will bring us increased forest fires, shorter winters, hotter summers and impact our water supply.
Researchers in France have found that ozone depletion above Antarctica has significantly reduced the Southern Ocean’s ability to absorb atmospheric CO 2 and has also accelerated acidification of southern polar waters, despite lesser CO 2 uptake. The results revealed that, between 1987 and 2004, around 2.3 Lenton, A., Tagliabue, and J.
Net positive RF (warming) contributions arise from CO 2 , water vapor, NO x , and soot emissions, and from contrail cirrus (consisting of linear contrails and the cirrus cloudiness arising from them). Negative RF (cooling) contributions arise from sulfate aerosol production. Net warming from contrail cirrus is a sum over the day/night cycle.
CSIRO scientists have developed a new way to account for ozone in computer simulations of the climate. This latest modeling shows that the oceans take much less ozone out of the atmosphere than previously thought. Ozone (O 3 ) is formed by reactions of chemicals such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds—i.e.,
Electricity sourced from sun and wind is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen in a process called electrolysis. Micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides and cosmetics can be removed from wastewater when ozone is introduced.
A) shows the base case peak concentrations for O 3 (ozone), ClNO and HCl in parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv). (B) Under extreme circumstances, this previously unknown chemistry could account for up to 40 parts per billion (ppb) of ozone; the current US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 8-hour average standard is 75 ppb.
6PPD is an antioxidant and antiozonant that helps prevent the degradation and cracking of rubber compounds caused by exposure to oxygen, ozone and temperature fluctuation. They found that even small concentrations, such as those regularly occurring in surface waters after stormwater runoff events, were fatal to brook and rainbow trout.
Using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, lead author Zhenyu Tian, a research scientist at the Center for Urban Waters at UW Tacoma, and colleagues explored the compounds associated with roadway runoff and TWP to search for toxic compounds. Ozone breaks the bonds holding the tire together.
The Guidelines apply worldwide and are based on expert evaluation of current scientific evidence for particulate matter (PM); ozone (O 3 ); nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ); and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), in all WHO regions. The major components of PM are sulfate, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, black carbon, mineral dust and water.
eutrophication; ET = ecological toxicity; FEC = fossil energy consumption; WU = water use; LO = land occupation; “The rest” includes acidification; smog formation; ozone layer depletion; and human health effects. Error bar shows regional variations for E85. GW = global warming; Eut. Credit: ACS, Yang et al. Click to enlarge.
Depletion of fresh water reserves [m 3 ]. Deterioration of the ozone layer [kg CFC-11-eq.]. The system will graph lifecycle impact for a range of specified powertrains, for a large number of impact categories: Climate change [kg CO 2 -eq.]. Depletion of fossil energy resources [kg oil-eq.]. Depletion of metal resources [kg iron-eq.].
But excess nitrogen is emitted from soils, seeps into groundwater and runs off into surface waters. Nitrogen runoff in bays and coastal areas, where it makes algae numbers spike then crash, drawing oxygen from the water and leading to dead zones—areas that cannot support finfish, shellfish or most other aquatic life. Tom Tomich.
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (kg Ethene equivalent). Quantifies the production of pollutant ozone (? to ozone layer), the results of the reaction of sunlight on NO x and volatile organic compounds. water, and non-renewable energies (crude oil, coal.) Characterizes the acid substances increase (NO x , SO 2.)
succeeded in isolating the simplest CI and reported direct kinetic measurements of its reactions with water, NO, NO 2 , and SO 2. Dr. George Marston from the University of Reading (UK) notes that: The Criegee intermediates (CIs) are central to understanding the reactions of ozone with unsaturated compounds. Welz et al.
The growth in hydrous ethanol, which uses a blend of 94-95% ethanol to 5-6% water, rapidly increased during the 1980s, with consumption peaking in 1989. water content in it and Gasoline C, or E25, which is a mixture of 75% Gasoline A and 25% in volume of anhydrous ethanol (AEAC) with a maximum of 0.4% 40 CFR § 80.27 40 CFR § 80.27(d)
Hydrous ethanol (also sometimes known as azeotropic ethanol) typically ranges from 186 proof (93% ethanol, 7% water) to 192 proof (96% ethanol, 4% water). Earlier post.). It’s a good, fast way to adapt technology into an existing engine by manufacturing a retrofit kit that can be installed on current engines or on newer engines.
This proposal reduces emissions contributing to fine particle (PM 2.5 ) and ozone nonattainment that often travel across state lines. SO 2 and NO x react in the atmosphere to form fine particle pollution and ground-level ozone (smog), which are linked to widespread illnesses and premature deaths. NO x emissions would drop by 52%.
However, this approach neglects non-CO 2 combustion emissions and effects, namely, soot and sulfate aerosols, water vapor, and NO x. In the months following a pulse of NO x in the upper atmosphere, ozone production is stimulated causing a short-term warming.
These connections arise because in many cases the agents of concern are the same, and in many cases the sources of the agents are the same or intimately connected.For example, surface ozone is both an air pollutant and a greenhouse gas. The complex roles that ozone and aerosols play in the atmosphere provide examples of such trade-offs.
Bromine also can remove ozone from the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere. Despite ozone’s beneficial role blocking harmful radiation in the stratosphere, ground-level ozone is a harmful pollutant. Bromine then reacts with a gaseous form of mercury, turning it into a pollutant that falls to Earth’s surface.
HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases originally developed as substitutes for ozone-depleting chemicals. A binding legal agreement exists that can cut HFCs now—the Montreal Protocol ozone treaty—and many alternatives to HFCs have already been developed and are waiting for the right regulatory incentive from the Montreal Protocol to be deployed.
This could explain satellite measurements showing high levels of stratospheric ozone, water vapor and other chemicals over Asia during summer. When sulfur rises into the stratosphere, it can lead to the creation of small particles called aerosols that are known to influence the ozone layer.
Losses of tropical and temperate mountain glaciers affecting perhaps 20-25% of the human population in terms of drinking water, irrigation and hydro-power. The hole in the ozone layer has had a cooling effect on Antarctica, and is partly responsible for masking expected warming on the continent.
Unlike other ethers, DME does not form peroxides, is non-toxic, has no effect on global warming nor ozone depletion and can be considered an environmentally friendly solvent. The process was presented during the 90 th Springtime Annual Meeting of The Chemical Society of Japan (CSJ), 26-29 March, 2010.
Researchers at North Carolina State University are developing an ozone-based pre-treatment technique (ozonolysis) to release sugars from the energy grass miscanthus for production into renewable fuels or chemicals with minimal generation of chemical waste streams and degradation of the carbohydrate components. García-Cubero et al.
After water vapor, the three most prevalent long-lived greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. It also plays an important role in the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer. Carbon dioxide accounted for 80% of this increase. Other greenhouse gases. The combined radiative forcing by halocarbons is 12%.
Furthermore, airborne chemicals that originate inside a house don’t stay there: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from products such as shampoo, perfume and cleaning solutions eventually escape outside and contribute to ozone and fine particle formation, making up an even greater source of global atmospheric air pollution than cars and trucks do.
Warming of the air by any chemical, including soot, enhances natural surface emissions of water vapor [e.g., 1990; Anisimov, 2007] and chemical production of ozone in already-polluted locations [Jacobson, 2008b]. These three gases are all greenhouse gases, and ozone is a surface air pollutant. Dessler et al., Guenther et al.,
The $461,000-project, titled “Heterogeneous Aging Mechanisms of Combustion and Biomass Burning Emissions,” will focus on how gases, such as ozone, react with pollutants emitted from power plants and forest fires. Both types of emissions cause tiny particles to be suspended in air.
Because of the large concentration of water in Earth’s atmosphere, Criegee concentrations—and, hence, the tropospheric implications of all Criegee intermediate reactions—depend on knowing the rate constant for reaction with water. Rudolf Criegee, a German chemist, first proposed the mechanism of ozonolysis in the 1950s.
Findings from a recent EPA study titled “Assessment of the Impacts of Global Change on Regional US Air Quality: A Synthesis of Climate Change Impacts on Ground-Level Ozone,” for example, suggest that climate change may lead to higher concentrations of ground-level ozone, a harmful pollutant.
In all of this, we must also recognize that climate change will affect other parts of our core mission, such as protecting air and water quality, and we must include those considerations in our future plans. Protecting America’s Waters. Improving Air Quality. Other themes include: Assuring the Safety of Chemicals.
Data for the synthetic greenhouse and ozone depleting gases, such as CFCs, also are available. Water vapor, although an important greenhouse gas, is not significantly influenced directly by human activities.
An international team of scientists who monitor the rapid changes in the Earth’s northern polar region say that the Arctic is entering a new state, one with warmer air and water temperatures, less summer sea ice and snow cover, and a changed ocean chemistry.
It is also a precursor to the formation of ground-level ozone and particulate matter, and as a cause of acid rain. NO 2 is linked to numerous adverse health effects including lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and type 2 diabetes. Anti-leapfrogging policies may improve air quality.
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