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A study led by Norwegian climate center CICERO has found that the global warming effect of leaked hydrogen is almost 12 times stronger than that of CO 2. Unlike exhaust from burning coal and gas that contains CO 2 , burning hydrogen emits only water vapor and oxygen. Sand et al. Hydrogen interacts with various biogeochemical processes.
of the human-made climate impact; two-thirds of this impact are caused by emissions other than CO 2 , according to a new study by researchers in Europe and the US. The study was published in the journal Atmospheric Environment. This new study is based on a thorough review of a decade of research on aviation emissions.
Through a recent modeling experiment, a team of NASA-funded researchers have found that future concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone in the atmosphere and of nitrogen in the soil are likely to have an important but overlooked effect on the cycling of water from sky to land to waterways. Credit: NASA. Click to enlarge.
A University of Utah engineer has developed an inexpensive new method to remove oil sheen by repeatedly pressurizing and depressurizing ozone gas, creating microscopic bubbles that attack the oil so it can be removed by sand filters. Water from mining of oil sands and oil shale. Heavy metals in soil.
Widespread implementation is achievable with existing technology but would require significant strategic investment and institutional arrangements, the study found. Black carbon and tropospheric ozone are harmful air pollutants that also contribute to climate change.
eutrophication; ET = ecological toxicity; FEC = fossil energy consumption; WU = water use; LO = land occupation; “The rest” includes acidification; smog formation; ozone layer depletion; and human health effects. For gasoline, the study reflects the US context in which crude oil is to a large extent imported and refined domestically.
Illustration of projected ozone changes in the South Coast region due to climate change in 2050. Areas in orange and red could see ozone concentrations elevated by 9 to 18 parts per billion. We already know that climate change will bring us increased forest fires, shorter winters, hotter summers and impact our water supply.
The study will appear next month in the peer-reviewed journal Climatic Change Letters. The study underscores the complex and sometimes conflicting ways in which fossil fuel burning affects Earth’s climate. Relying more on natural gas would reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, but it would do little to help solve the climate problem.
CSIRO scientists have developed a new way to account for ozone in computer simulations of the climate. This latest modeling shows that the oceans take much less ozone out of the atmosphere than previously thought. Ozone (O 3 ) is formed by reactions of chemicals such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds—i.e.,
million in new grants to study the use and impacts of escaped nitrogen from agricultural production. But excess nitrogen is emitted from soils, seeps into groundwater and runs off into surface waters. University of California, Davis researchers will receive $2.8 Wastes from cattle, chickens and other livestock include nitrogen.
Among the many climate-related vulnerabilities that can impact its mission, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cites a likely increase in tropospheric ozone pollution as potentially making it more difficult to attain National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) in many areas with existing ozone problems.
Researchers in France have found that ozone depletion above Antarctica has significantly reduced the Southern Ocean’s ability to absorb atmospheric CO 2 and has also accelerated acidification of southern polar waters, despite lesser CO 2 uptake. unit decline in seawater pH during the study period—i.e., Lenton, A.,
The international study could have implications for the air quality of fast-growing coastal cities in the United States and other mid-latitude regions overseas—the proliferation of strip malls, subdivisions, and other paved areas may interfere with breezes needed to clear away smog and other pollution.
Depletion of fresh water reserves [m 3 ]. Deterioration of the ozone layer [kg CFC-11-eq.]. The same research group has developed the web tool that makes the data and results of their ongoing studies accessible to both end users and the research community. Depletion of fossil energy resources [kg oil-eq.]. —Romain Sacchi.
In the first empirical study using satellite measurements to explore the relationship between urban form and air pollution, a team from the University of Minnesota has found that cities with highly contiguous built-up areas have, on average, lower concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 , a key component of urban air pollution).
A) shows the base case peak concentrations for O 3 (ozone), ClNO and HCl in parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv). (B) The study, lead by Professor Barbara Finlayson-Pitts shows, however, that the uptake of oxides of nitrogen and HCl on surfaces rather can be an intermediate step on the way to generating more reactive gases. Raff et al.
A new study by researchers at MIT has found that factoring the non-CO 2 combustion emissions and effects into the lifecycle of a Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) aviation fuel can lead to a decrease in the relative environmental merit of the SPK fuel compared to conventional jet fuel. Aviation climate change impacts pathway.
The Guidelines apply worldwide and are based on expert evaluation of current scientific evidence for particulate matter (PM); ozone (O 3 ); nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ); and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), in all WHO regions. The major components of PM are sulfate, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, black carbon, mineral dust and water.
The $461,000-project, titled “Heterogeneous Aging Mechanisms of Combustion and Biomass Burning Emissions,” will focus on how gases, such as ozone, react with pollutants emitted from power plants and forest fires. Guzman and his students will study how these pollutants are transformed on surfaces by oxidizing atmospheric gases.
Controlling soot from fossil fuels and solid biofuels may be a faster method of reducing Arctic ice loss and global warming than other options, including controlling CH 4 or CO 2 , although all controls are needed, according to a new study by Dr. Mark Z. The study will be published this week in Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres).
Cooking, cleaning and other routine household activities generate significant levels of volatile and particulate chemicals inside the average home, leading to indoor air quality levels on par with a polluted major city, according to a study by researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder. Earlier post.).
This is especially the case for those draining nitrogen-enriched urbanized and agricultural watersheds, highlighting the importance of managing nitrogen before it reaches open water. Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change and stratospheric ozone destruction.
In addition to studying the important issues at the nexus of the air quality and climate change problems, the goal of CalNex 2010 is also to provide scientific information regarding the trade-offs faced by decision makers when addressing these two inter-related issues. 2010 CalNex Science and Implementation Plan.
Here, RME show advantages for primary energy and GHG, but disadvantages in terms of acidification, eutrophication and ozone depletion. An important analytical issue that needs to be addressed, the report notes, is the lack of lifecycle assessment studies focusing on a wider set of environmental impact indicators than greenhouse gas emissions.
The US Army Corps of Engineers estimates that, as of 2014, there were approximately 9,000 Category 1 and 2 marine vessels operating on US waters. A related study by DTF and EDF confirms that upgrading workboats to the newest-model clean diesel engines delivers the greatest emissions improvements for the lowest cost.
Hydrous ethanol (also sometimes known as azeotropic ethanol) typically ranges from 186 proof (93% ethanol, 7% water) to 192 proof (96% ethanol, 4% water). Earlier post.). It’s a good, fast way to adapt technology into an existing engine by manufacturing a retrofit kit that can be installed on current engines or on newer engines.
succeeded in isolating the simplest CI and reported direct kinetic measurements of its reactions with water, NO, NO 2 , and SO 2. Dr. George Marston from the University of Reading (UK) notes that: The Criegee intermediates (CIs) are central to understanding the reactions of ozone with unsaturated compounds. Welz et al.
Unlike other ethers, DME does not form peroxides, is non-toxic, has no effect on global warming nor ozone depletion and can be considered an environmentally friendly solvent. MPa in this study. The process was presented during the 90 th Springtime Annual Meeting of The Chemical Society of Japan (CSJ), 26-29 March, 2010.
The growth in hydrous ethanol, which uses a blend of 94-95% ethanol to 5-6% water, rapidly increased during the 1980s, with consumption peaking in 1989. water content in it and Gasoline C, or E25, which is a mixture of 75% Gasoline A and 25% in volume of anhydrous ethanol (AEAC) with a maximum of 0.4% 40 CFR § 80.27 40 CFR § 80.27(d)
Losses of tropical and temperate mountain glaciers affecting perhaps 20-25% of the human population in terms of drinking water, irrigation and hydro-power. The hole in the ozone layer has had a cooling effect on Antarctica, and is partly responsible for masking expected warming on the continent. Ecosystems.
HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases originally developed as substitutes for ozone-depleting chemicals. A binding legal agreement exists that can cut HFCs now—the Montreal Protocol ozone treaty—and many alternatives to HFCs have already been developed and are waiting for the right regulatory incentive from the Montreal Protocol to be deployed.
Researchers at North Carolina State University are developing an ozone-based pre-treatment technique (ozonolysis) to release sugars from the energy grass miscanthus for production into renewable fuels or chemicals with minimal generation of chemical waste streams and degradation of the carbohydrate components. García-Cubero et al.
In a liquid phase, the organic materials would absorb other compounds such as ammonia or ozone very easily and then progress through a series of chemical changes (known as chemical aging) to form particles that reflect or absorb sunlight, or form clouds. The two particles chosen for this study, ?-pinene —Kuwata Mikinori.
Although the catalyst is in use, exactly how it converts NO x to nitrogen and water with the help of ammonia (urea) hasn’t been entirely clear. Combined FTIR and NMR studies revealed the presence of a side-on nitrosyl species in the zeolite Cu-SSZ-13. The finding provides insight into how to make better catalytic converters.
Findings from a recent EPA study titled “Assessment of the Impacts of Global Change on Regional US Air Quality: A Synthesis of Climate Change Impacts on Ground-Level Ozone,” for example, suggest that climate change may lead to higher concentrations of ground-level ozone, a harmful pollutant.
The data were gathered during the CalNex 2010 field study organized by ARB and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The researchers also found that every ship in California waters whose emissions were measured was using low-sulfur fuel.
This surge in exploration and production from unconventional sources has been accompanied by public concerns about various environmental issues—including air quality, water quantity and quality, and human health impacts. Moore et al. They then reviewed the available literature on air quality impacts for each of the stages.
Consisting of a single observing instrument, the Observatory is designed to provide precise measurements of atmospheric CO 2 , and is NASA’s first satellite mission dedicated to studying concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. GCOM-W1, Aqua, CALIPSO, CloudSat, and Aura are currently on orbit.
The type of feedstocks produced, management practices used, land-use changes that feedstock production might incur, and such site-specific details as prior land use and regional water availability will determine the mandate's environmental effects, the report says. Barriers and opportunities.
60% of ground-level ozone (O 3 ) precursors, 6% of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and 22% of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted. They excluded emissions occurring outside of the contiguous US and surrounding waters) from the results below. On-road transportation accounts for approximately 20% of United States energy consumption.
Up there, 10 to 50 kilometers above the Earth’s surface, ozone molecules absorb the sun’s ultraviolet light, protecting life far below. Even less is understood about the potential risks to people and the environment—could the particles deplete the ozone layer, for example, or significantly alter the weather? about 0.6 °C.
In their paper on lifecycle analysis, Emanuela Menichetti and Martina Otto reviewed and assessed 30 LCA studies particularly those relating to the energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of biofuels produced from a range of crops and other biomass feedstocks using various conversion technologies.
The study was published 8 June in the open access IOP journal Environmental Research Letters. Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath inventoried on-road, rail, and air travel to determine energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and criteria air pollutant (CAP) emissions (excluding PM, lead, and ozone due to lack of data).
Take, for example, the tens of thousands of fossil-fueled ships that chug across the ocean, spewing plumes of pollutants that contribute to acid rain, ozone depletion, respiratory ailments, and global warming. These small studies would still yield significant information on the impacts of brightening.
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