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The global market for rocket launches may require more stringent regulation in order to prevent significant damage to Earth’s stratospheric ozone layer in the decades to come, according to a new study by researchers in California and Colorado. Darin Toohey.
The US, Canada, and Mexico have submitted a proposal to strengthen climate protection under the Montreal Protocol— the international treaty that phases out the production of a number of substances responsible for ozone depletion. The proposal targets the production and use of HFCs, a group of “super” greenhouse gases. Source: IGSD.
And hydroxyls drive long chains of reactions involving other common gases, including ozone. That’s noteworthy because nitrogen oxides have primarily been associated with ozone formation and warming in the past. In the chemical soup of the lower atmosphere, however, sulfur dioxide isn’t the only substance interacting with hydroxyl.
OptiFuel has already developed and tested a high volume CNG/RNG refueling system at the Indiana Harbor Belt CNG locomotive program, utilizing low-cost CNG. These pollutants create very high levels of ozone, air toxins, greenhouse gases, fine particulate matter, and other diesel exhaust compounds classified as carcinogenic to humans.
R134a replaced CFC-12 as the MAC refrigerant in the early 1990s due to the negative impact of CFCs on the Earth’s ozone layer. It has a high cooling capacity and is available worldwide at lowcost in the required qualities. CO 2 is an A1 refrigerant, indicating minimal toxicity and non-flammability.
In particular, silicon nanowires (SiNW) are widely studied as a promising anode material for high-capacity LIBs due to its lowcost of fabrication and volume production potential. As a result, high-capacity LIB technologies are currently under development at lab scale with silicon nanostructured anode materials.
ARB staff reviewed four offset protocols and recommends that they be approved as part of this regulatory package: (1) the Urban Forest Projects Protocol; (2) the US Ozone Depleting Substances Projects Protocol; (3) the Livestock Manure (Digester) Projects Protocol; and (4) the US Forest Projects Protocol. Offset Protocols.
These are low-cost reductions in global warming pollution that can be secured by devoting approximately 5% of the allowance value to the program. The draft allows covered entities to increase their emissions above their allowances if they can obtain “offsetting” reductions at lower cost from other sources.
On their 100+ mile round trip, these trucks burn diesel fuel that damages the ozone, spews out noxious particulates that seek-out lungs and eyes along with oxides of nitrogen that help create smog, along with other nasty—and toxic—unpleasantness.
The most immediate, effective and low-cost way to reduce soot emissions is to put particle traps on vehicles, diesel trucks, buses, and construction equipment. 1990; Anisimov, 2007] and chemical production of ozone in already-polluted locations [Jacobson, 2008b]. Particle traps filter out soot particles from exhaust fumes.
Fast action on pollutants such as black carbon, ground-level ozone and methane may help limit near-term global temperature rise and significantly increase the chances of keeping temperature rise below 2 °C (3.6 °F), Moreover, many of these benefits can be achieved at lowcost and with significant energy savings. Earlier post.).
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