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Exhaust particle size distributions measured by ELPI (color map) and particle concentration measured by CPC (white line) during individual engine braking conditions (speed change from 32 km/h to 0 km/h). The exhaust sample was taken from the exhaust manifold. The exhaust sample was taken from the exhaust manifold.
The University of Bath and SAIC Motor UK Technical Centre are collaborating on a project to identify the most efficient conditions for the optimum performance of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs), to help minimize vehicle impact on the environment.
This brief analysis examines the relative cost of the energy from milk and gasoline. Currently, a gallon of gasoline (with ethanol) contains 120,286 Btu of energy. The average price of regular gasoline in September 2020 was $2.183 per gallon. Therefore, the cost of 1,000 Btu from regular gasoline was $0.02.
A team of University of California, Riverside Bourns College of Engineering students have won an EPA student design contest for developing an exhaust aftertreatment device that cuts CO, NO x and PM emissions from lawnmowers. Then, an ultra-fine spray of urea solution is dispersed into the exhaust stream for catalytic NO x reduction.
GDCI engine was significantly better than advanced production spark injection gasoline engines, and comparable to very efficient hybrid vehicle engines at their best efficiency conditions (214 g/kWh). This early work established that gasoline-like fuels with high resistance to autoignition are preferred for PPCI. Earlier post.)
Cost of the new engine relative to gasoline baseline. The approach that Cummins and partners have taken features: Replacing the aluminium V8 gasoline engine and emission control system with smaller diesel (2.8-liter) Exhaust system configuration. Earlier post.). l/100 km) for a vehicle of that size. Source: Cummins.
Based on on-road measurements in their study, a team from the University of California Berkeley has estimated that, as of 2010, light-duty (LD) gasoline vehicles were responsible for 85% of CO; 18% of NO x ; 18% of organic aerosol (OA); and 6% of black carbon (BC) emissions from on-road motor vehicles in the United States.
Under laboratory-simulated diesel exhaust conditions, this mixed-phase oxide material was superior to Pt in terms of cost, thermal durability, and catalytic activity for NO oxidation. Nanostellar was founded in California in 2004 by scientists from Stanford University and NASA Ames Research Center. Graham, Burtron H. 1225091.
Researchers at the University of Wisconsin, led by Dr. Rolf Reitz, are investigating a blended dual-fuel (gasoline and diesel) concept to extend the operating range of partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion by using the varying fuel reactivity of the charge blend, which is determined in real time. Source: Rolf Reitz.
A team from National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, reports that a low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) emissions control system for lean-burn engines can simultaneously reduce the high concentrations of NO x and oxidize hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. Concept of the SOFC emissions control system. Credit: ACS, Huang et al.
The effects of gasoline ratio on indicated thermal efficiency of HCII and GDBF modes. Researchers at Tsinghua University have compared the combustion and emissions characteristics of two dual-fuel (diesel-gasoline) modes intended to integrate the advantages of both fuels to achieve high thermal efficiency and low emission targets.
As one example, GM Global Technology Operations LLC and the Regents of the University of Michigan recently were recently awarded a US patent (Nº 8,261,860) for a plug-in series hybrid or range-extended electric vehicle powertrain using multiple free piston linear alternator (FPLA) engines. Intake, exhaust and fuel injection.
Researchers from Tampere University and the University of Eastern Finland have found that the particulate emissions of auxiliary heaters can be up to a thousand times higher than the particulate emissions of idling gasoline vehicles. Their open-access study is published in the journal Atmosphere.
The UK Universities of Birmingham and Warwick launched a new lab to support investigations into the dynamic aspects of combustion of alternative fuels, as well as gasoline and diesel, with the aim of reducing harmful vehicle exhaust emissions, particularly greenhouse gasses.
Professor Stan Golunski, Deputy Director of the newly established Cardiff Catalysis Institute , in collaboration with engineers at Brunel and Birmingham Universities, is investigating the feasibility of an on-board exhaust gas reforming system to improve combustion and recover waste heat. Energy Environ. doi: 10.1039/b927199f.
In a recent open-access paper published in ACS’ Environmental Science & Technology , researchers from the University of York report that alcohols in windshield washer fluid account for a larger fraction of real-world vehicle emissions than previous estimates have suggested. Cliff et al.
Chassis dynamometer emission testing conducted on 30 in-use Indian auto-rickshaws—two-stroke and four-stroke CNG-fueled (CNG-2S and CNG-4S) and four-stroke gasoline-fueled (PET-4S)—found that global warming commitment (GWC) associated with emissions from CNG-2S was more than twice that from CNG-4S or PET-4S, due mostly to CH 4 emissions.
A study by a team led by Dr. Dennis Assanis at the University of Michigan suggests that accessing the “thermodynamic sweet spot” in high-efficiency, dilute, boosted gasoline engines has the potential for vehicle fuel economy gains between 23% and 58%. Their paper is published in the International Journal of Engine Research.
Researchers from Michigan State University have been awarded $2.5 Swissauto Wenko AG of Switzerland produces a modern version of the Comprex—the Hyprex—designed for small gasoline engines. Since heat release increases pressure inside the channel, opening the outer channel end generates an outflow of the exhaust gases.
Based on a three-year study of toxic and environmentally relevant pollutants from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, Swiss researchers have concluded that some GDI engines emit just as many soot particles as unfiltered diesel cars did in the past. Further, the GDI particles carry numerous carcinogenic substances. —Norbert Heeb.
A team from Brunel University, MAHLE Powertrain and University College London studied the combined effects of different inlet valve operating strategies on combustion, performance and emissions with different ethanol and 1-butanol blends with gasoline in a single-cylinder spark-ignition research engine equipped with a fully variable valvetrain.
The researchers assessed the gaseous, particulate, and genotoxic pollutants from two current technology gasoline direct injection vehicles when tested in their original configuration and with a catalyzed gasoline particulate filter (GPF). Their study is publishedin the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology. Johnson, David R.
A new study by researchers from Washington State University and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has found that a catalyst using a single or just a few palladium atoms removed 90% of unburned methane from natural gas engine exhaust at low temperatures. The work is published in the journal Nature Catalysis.
Gasoline and hydrogen rails and injectors installed on the intake manifolds. Changwei Ji and Shuofeng Wang modified a 4-cylinder (SI) engine to permit hydrogen and gasoline to be injected into the intake ports simultaneously to realize a hybrid hydrogen-gasoline engine (HHGE). Credit: ACS. Click to enlarge.
The European Union-funded PowerDriver project—a two-year, €3-million (US$4-million) research project initiated in February 2012 to turn exhaust gas waste heat into electricity using thermoelectric generator (TGEN) technology—has completed simulation work on on a potential automotive application.
(Left) Thermal efficiency and ( right ) soot from different gasoline-butanol blends at different EGR rates. A study by a team at Tianjin University found that the addition of n-butanol to gasoline for use in a compression ignition engine (CI) under Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) conditions has a significant effect on soot reduction.
Operating range of 2-stroke CAI fueled with gasoline, E10 and E85. Accordingly, the processes have been extensively researched over the last decade and adopted on prototype gasoline engines (e.g., Zhang et al. 2013a) Click to enlarge. Controlled autoignition (e.g., Controlled autoignition (e.g., GM’s ongoing work, earlier post ).
Fuel-cycle SO 2 emissions of EVs compared to those of gasoline ICEVs and HEVs in China, current (left) and future (right). The study examined the fuel-cycle CO 2 , SO 2 , and NO x emissions of EVs in China in both current (2008) and future (2030) periods and compared them with those of conventional gasoline vehicles and gasoline hybrids.
A new study by researchers from Stockholm University concludes that automobile tires may be a potential previously unknown source of carcinogenic dibenzopyrenes—a type of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)—to the environment. Non-exhaust traffic sources of particles. —Sadiktsis et al.
A new study by Dr. Gautam Kalghatgi and his colleagues at Saudi Aramco provides further support a pathway for significant improvements in the efficiency of a gasoline engine (i.e., Broadly, this approach is termed Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI). Broadly, this approach is termed Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI).
Researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University and the University of Michigan report on the use a “dieseline” blend—an 80:20 blend of diesel and gasoline—for the simultaneous reduction of NO x and smoke emissions in a Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) mode and the extension of low-emission and high-efficiency operational range of the engine.
At the tailpipe, the TWC ultimately reduced the regulated and unregulated emissions from the methanol-gasoline engine to the same levels as those generated by a conventional gasoline engine. A paper on their study was published online 3 December in the ACS journal Energy & Fuels. —Fan et al.
liter EcoBoost gasoline turbocharged direct injection (GTDI) four-cylinder unit. Featuring a twin-scroll turbocharger and a three-port integrated exhaust manifold (IEM), the 2.3-liter Two pivotal factors are the three-port integrated exhaust manifold cylinder head and a twin-scroll turbocharger. —Pete Pandolfi, 2.3-liter
Their paper was presented at the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division 2012 Fall Technical Conference by Marcello Canova, assistant professor at OSU; lead author was Philipp Skarke, from the University of Stuttgart Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Automotive Engineering. Exhaust gas exergy map of EcoCAR engine.
By focusing on the implementation of an extremely pragmatic and synergistic mix of powertrain electrification using available and near-market technologies, we have already shown in the HyBoost project the very significant and cost-effective benefits that can be achieved in a gasoline powertrain and 12+X volt electrification.
Hakan Yilmaz, Global Technology Management, Gasoline Systems, for Bosch presented an overview of and update on the project at the 2011 DEER conference in Detroit in October. The partners have a single-cylinder research engine lab with fully flexible valve actuation (FFVA) at Stanford and a multi-cylinder engine lab at University of Michigan.
Global-mean temperature change caused by car exhaust emitted from gasoline and diesel engines specified in the previous and upcoming European vehicle emission standards (EURO 3, 4, 5, and 6). The results are based on one-year pulse emissions in year zero, which would be emitted by an idealized 1000 km drive. Credit: ACS, Tanaka et al.
Researchers at the University of Wisconsin led by Dr. Rolf Reitz are developing a dual-fuel compression engine combustion strategy called reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) to simultaneously reduce fuel consumption and regulated emissions of NO x and PM. Earlier post.). Derek Splitter, Reed Hanson, Rolf Reitz.
Researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have used computational fluid dynamics modeling to investigate cycle-to-cycle instability of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) and reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engines—two approaches to low-temperature combustion.
The gasoline-alternative biofuel candidate 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) ( earlier post ) demonstrates favorable characteristics to be an effective cold-start fuel, according to a new study comparing the ignition timing sensitivities of oxygenated biofuels to gasoline in a direct-injection engine, published in the journal Fuel.
the criteria pollutants and CO 2 that emerge with the exhaust from the tailpipe. However, there is more than 15 years of research showing that the contribution of non-exhaust primary particles to the total traffic generated primary particles is significant in urban areas. Further, a 2013 review by Denier van der Gon et al. Background.
A new study by a team from the University of Edinburgh and independent engineering company INNAS BV has found that, when factoring in the additional weight and non-exhaust PM factors, total PM 10 emissions from electric vehicles (EVs) are equal to those of modern internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Click to enlarge.
Emissions from automobile exhaust systems have decreased in recent years due to the introduction of cleaner fuels and new control technologies on internal combustion engines, as well as increases in numbers of hybrid and electric vehicles.
In a study on the effect of exhaust particles from aircraft turbine engines on human lung cells, Swiss researchers have found that cells reacted most strongly to particles emitted during ground idling. The study also showed that the cytotoxic effect is only to some extent comparable to that of particles from gasoline and diesel engines.
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