Green Car Congress

MARCH 16, 2012

Environmental impacts of gasoline and E85. eutrophication; ET = ecological toxicity; FEC = fossil energy consumption; WU = water use; LO = land occupation; “The rest” includes acidification; smog formation; ozone layer depletion; and human health effects. Process flow diagrams for E85 and gasoline. GW = global warming; Eut.

Gasoline 357

Gasoline Water Emissions Minnesota 357

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 30, 2009

The oil price shocks of the 1970s led the Brazilian government to address the strain high prices were placing on its fragile economy. In 1975, General Ernesto Geisel, then-president of Brazil, ordered the country’s gasoline supply mixed with 10% ethanol.

Transportation 317

Transportation Fuel Renewable Gasoline-Electric 317

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 23, 2013

Future blending options for ethanol in gasoline include continuation of low-level blends (E0-E15), greater use of E85 in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs), or new use of midlevel blends (E20-E40) in FFVs or in new vehicles designed with midlevel blend-capability. —Hubbard et al. —Hubbard et al. Hubbard, James E.

Emissions 294

Emissions Ford Exhaust Engine 294

Green Car Congress

MAY 12, 2017

A new study quantifying emissions from a fleet of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines and port fuel injection (PFI) engines finds that the measured decrease in CO 2 emissions from GDIs is much greater than the potential climate forcing associated with higher black carbon emissions from GDI engines. —Saliba et al.

Fleet 207

Fleet Engine Global Fuel Economy 207