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Bartis and RAND colleague Lawrence van Bibbe were the authors of a 2011 RAND report concluding that if the US military increased its use of alternative jet and naval fuels that can be produced from coal or various renewable resources, including seed oils, waste oils and algae, there would be no direct benefit to the nation’s armed forces.
billion barrels of liquid fuels and chemicals from coal and natural gas. Sasol converts gas and coal into liquid fuels, fuel components and chemicals through proprietary Fischer-Tropsch (FT) processes. Sasol has used its proprietary technology for more than 60 years to produce more than 1.6 Earlier post.)
interest alongside Santos, Petronas and Kogas in the GLNG Coal Seam Gas to LNG project launched in early 2011. The GLNG project consists of the development of coal seam gas fields, the construction of a 420-kilometer (261-mile) gas transmission pipeline and of a liquefaction plant of 7.2 million tons per year.
Methane is another potent climate warmer that needs to be targeted; capturing emissions from sources such as landfills and coal mines would benefit the climate system and the gas could then be used as a source of energy. Reducing tropospheric ozone can improve public health as well as agricultural productivity.
For example, rich countries such as Germany can throw billions of dollars at their coal sector to ease their transition pain, offering generous financial aid to lignite-producing regions. Nigeria or Algeria cannot do the same for their oil industry. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait might, and should be encouraged to do so.
This geographically diverse group comprises Brazil and Mexico in the Americas; South Africa and Nigeria in Africa; Egypt and Turkey in North Africa/Mediterranean; Saudi Arabia and Iran in the Middle East; as well as Thailand and Indonesia in Asia. The OECD represents the developed economies.
This figure includes subsidies to lower the prices of petroleum products, kerosene or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), typically in developing countries, as well as subsidies to the oil, gas or coal industries, provided by many governments in both developing and developed countries. Some data exist on most types of fossil fuel subsidies.
In the three countries with the highest child populations (India, China and Nigeria), the number of cars is likely to grow considerably in the coming decades, which will be particularly marked in Africa, and substantial too in South Asia. The East Asia and Pacific region has 450 million children living in areas that exceed guideline limits.
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