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Researchers describe the “where” and “when” of life cycle emissions from gasoline and ethanol in the US

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Contributions of regions to total life cycle emissions for three fuels (µg per vehicle-mile traveled per km 2 land area). not reformulated) gasoline; and (4) crude oil production is 100% conventional crude (most oil sands production occurs outside of our spatial modeling domain—i.e., Credit: ACS, Tessum et al.

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