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trillion is spent annually on transport globally, mostly in ways that exacerbate rather than solve the problems associated with traffic growth, including congestion, health-harming air pollution, accidents, energy insecurity, and climatechange. Resources. A Paradigm Shift Towards Sustainable Low Carbon Transport.
However, emissions do not just remain in conurbations; particles and gaseous pollutants can be transported thousands of kilometers by the wind. The University of Bremen is the scientific base of the international project known as EMeRGe (Effect of Megacities on the transport and transformation of pollutants on the Regional and Global scales).
Emissions are increasing in other developing countries: 6% for Indonesia and Malaysia; 9% for Pakistan and 12% for the Philippines. India does not show yet any decoupling of their emissions growth from their economic growth, unlike Brazil, where emissions fell by 6%. Also in Eurasia emissions grew in Turkey (5%) and Ukraine (8%).
Toxic pollution from mines has also harmed peoples’ mental and physical health. Indonesia: Vast nickel mining projects have razed forests, uprooted local people, and polluted rivers and seas. Amnesty International considers cobalt mining regions of Kolwezi to be “sacrifice zones”.
This question of whether climatechange becomes so bad that we have to do something to dull its impacts and reduce human suffering is a very big one,” says Keutsch, an atmospheric chemist. In 1991, when Mount Pinatubo erupted in the Philippines, it created a haze of particles so dense that it temporarily cooled the planet by.
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