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New analysis has found increasing emissions of several ozone-depleting chemicals despite their production being banned for most uses under the Montreal Protocol—and a loophole in the rules is likely responsible. According to the researchers, emissions from these CFCs currently do not significantly threaten ozone recovery.
Significant climate anomalies 2008/2009. Source: ClimateChange Compendium. The hole in the ozone layer has had a cooling effect on Antarctica, and is partly responsible for masking expected warming on the continent. Click to enlarge. Earlier post.). Earlier post.).
Levels of two major air pollutants have been reduced significantly since lockdowns began in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, but a secondary pollutant—ground-level ozone—has increased in China, according to new research. Ozone is harmful to humans at ground-level, causing pulmonary and heart disease. —Guy Brasseur.
Noting the references in scientific and policy literature to the need for fast-action mitigation to help avoid DAI and abrupt climatechanges, the authors define “fast-action” to include regulatory measures that can begin within 2–3 years, be substantially implemented in 5–10 years, and produce a climate response within decades.
It makes an important contribution to the scientific understanding we have of the role of aviation for climatechange—an understanding decision-makers and politicians may need on the way to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. Negative RF (cooling) contributions arise from sulfate aerosol production. Skowron, M.R.
Extraordinarily cold temperatures in the stratosphere during the winter of 2010/2011 caused the most massive destruction of the ozone layer above the Arctic so far, according to a study by climate researchers at KIT (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology). These chemical conversion products attack the ozone layer and destroy it partly.
Rather, it is the leaking of hydrogen from production, transportation and usage that adds to global warming. Hydrogen is not a greenhouse gas, but its chemical reactions in the atmosphere affect greenhouse gases such as methane, ozone, and stratospheric water vapor. Sand et al. Hydrogen interacts with various biogeochemical processes.
A NASA-led study has documented an unprecedented depletion of Earth’s protective ozone layer above the Arctic last winter and spring caused by an unusually prolonged period of extremely low temperatures in the stratosphere. The same ozone-loss processes occur each winter in the Arctic.
Exposure to ozone, long associated with impaired lung function, is also connected to health changes that can cause cardiovascular disease such as heart attack, high blood pressure and stroke, according to a new study of Chinese adults. They monitored indoor and outdoor ozone levels, along with other pollutants.
The rapidly growing space industry may have a greater climate effect than the aviation industry and undo repair to the protective ozone layer if left unregulated, according to a new study led by UCL and published in the journal Earth’s Future as an open-access paper. The space industry is one of the world’s fastest growing sectors.
The decrease in CO 2 equivalent emissions of ODSs (ozone-depleting substances: CFCs, halons, HCFCs, and others) may be offset by the projected increase in their non-ozone depleting substitutes (HFCs) (lines designated as HFC scenarios). The contribution of HFCs to climate forcing is currently less than 1% of all greenhouse gases.
The global market for rocket launches may require more stringent regulation in order to prevent significant damage to Earth’s stratospheric ozone layer in the decades to come, according to a new study by researchers in California and Colorado. Darin Toohey.
CSIRO scientists have developed a new way to account for ozone in computer simulations of the climate. This latest modeling shows that the oceans take much less ozone out of the atmosphere than previously thought. Ozone (O 3 ) is formed by reactions of chemicals such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds—i.e.,
Aviation climatechange impacts pathway. Such products will exist even if the net GHG emissions from the fuel life cycle are zero.Soot and sulfate aerosols generate atmospheric warming and cooling, respectively, and have lifetimes on the order of days to weeks. Credit: ACS, Stratton et al. Click to enlarge.
Our results suggest that gas-aerosol interactions play an important role in methane’s GWP, and hence our larger value would allow better optimization of climatechange mitigation policies. Methane’s GWP may also change with time as air quality regulations alter the background state of tropospheric chemistry. Shindell et al.
The system will graph lifecycle impact for a range of specified powertrains, for a large number of impact categories: Climatechange [kg CO 2 -eq.]. Deterioration of the ozone layer [kg CFC-11-eq.]. The top sample above shows climatechange impact; the subsequent chart shows human toxicity.
In its recently released Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 – 2011 ( earlier post ), the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that methane (CH 4 ) emissions from the field production of natural gas have declined by 36% from 2007 to 2011 (from 83.1 Field production. a global warming potential of 21.
Maersk Container Industry (MCI) is calling for tougher enforcement of European environmental legislation designed to protect the Earth’s ozone layer and help prevent climatechange. And SuPoTec causes no harm to the Earth’s ozone layer, unlike HCFC141b. Nymand, CEO for Maersk Container Industry.
The researchers believe the measurements will substantially impact the understanding of atmospheric chemistry mechanisms—in particular, in the more rapid formation of secondary aerosols, important in the formation of local smog as well as in global climatechange. Carl Percival. —Welz et al. —Marston (2012).
The US, Canada, and Mexico have submitted a proposal to strengthen climate protection under the Montreal Protocol— the international treaty that phases out the production of a number of substances responsible for ozone depletion. The proposal targets the production and use of HFCs, a group of “super” greenhouse gases.
The United States and China will work together and with other countries to use the expertise and institutions of the Montreal Protocol to phase down the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), among other forms of multilateral cooperation. While they do not deplete the ozone layer, many are highly potent greenhouse gases.
While they do not deplete the ozone layer, many are highly potent greenhouse gases whose use is growing rapidly as replacements for ozone-depleting substances being phased out under the Montreal Protocol. Left unabated, HFC emissions could grow to nearly 20% of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050, a serious climate mitigation concern.
Although it does not solve the root of the climatechange problem—substantial reductions in CO 2 and other climate forcers are essential for that—urban albedo can delay the onset of more severe climate impacts, and reduce the risk of passing the thresholds for abrupt and irreversible climatechanges.
They found that reductions in ground ozone during this 35-year period resulted in $600 million in increased production annually by the early 2010s. Another difference is that some grains can be annually modified to withstand greater heat and even higher ozone levels in the air. —Steven Davis.
A new report from the National Research Council examines and, when possible, estimates, “hidden” costs of energy production and use—such as the damage air pollution imposes on human health—that are not reflected in market prices of coal, oil, other energy sources, or the electricity and gasoline produced from them. Click to enlarge.
HFCs are chemicals are potential substitutes for ozone-depleting and climate-warming CFCs and HCFCs currently being phased out under the Montreal Protocol treaty to protect the ozone layer. The Joint Task Force will submit its report by 1 August 2011.
Percent reduction in visible solar energy due to ambient PM (plus a small contribution from ozone) (A), only dust PM deposition (B) deposition of all PM components (C), and atmospheric and deposited combined (D; note change in scale). Credit: ACS, Bergin et al. Click to enlarge. —Michael Bergin. 7b00197.
Decomposition of the decadal change in total global CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion by four driving factors; population, income (GDP) per capita, energy intensity of GDP and carbon intensity of energy. Scenarios reaching higher concentrations include similar changes, but on a slower timescale. Click to enlarge.
eutrophication; ET = ecological toxicity; FEC = fossil energy consumption; WU = water use; LO = land occupation; “The rest” includes acidification; smog formation; ozone layer depletion; and human health effects. GW = global warming; Eut. Credit: ACS, Yang et al. Click to enlarge.
That’s three times the amount estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC). Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climatechange and stratospheric ozone destruction. Their work was part of a broader cross-site study of nitrogen processing in streams.
The BAU scenario assumes no further implementing legislation to prevent additional climatechange and growing air pollution, other than what is in place for the base year 2005. Northern India and the Arabian Gulf region, on the other hand, will suffer a marked increase in ozone levels.
Findings for freight transport (year 2000) include: The specific climate impact of air transport is 3 to 42 times higher, for a light truck it is 2 to 8 times higher than average truck transport. Per passenger-hour traveled however, aviations climate impact is a factor 6 to 47 higher than the impact from car travel. Technol. ,
Air pollution and ground-level ozone may worsen the impact that climatechange is having on food crop production around the world, according to new research. Ground-level ozone is formed when pollutants from cars and industry react with sunlight, with the amount of ozone produced increasing as tem[.].
NSF said that is chose a time span of several decades because within this timeframe modeled climatechange responses appear to be insensitive to CO 2 forcing scenarios. The nonlinear nature of these interactions greatly increases the complexity of the problem. Awards are expected to be in the range of $300,000 to $1,000,000 per year.
Global ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and HFC emissions (A), global CO 2 and HFC emissions (B), and ODS, HFC, and CO 2 global RF (C) for the period 2000–2050. These HFCs, gases used in refrigerators and air conditioners, are substitutes for ozone-depleting gases, but they are also strong greenhouse gases. Velders et al.
SOAS objectives include the direct quantification of VOC, ozone and NO x surface fluxes and the reconciliation of differences with “blank-down” emission estimates. It seeks a better understanding of HO x /NO x /ozone/organics/aerosol distributions, sources and sinks. What are the climate-relevant properties of aerosol in the SE US?
Although viewed as a potential target in the global effort to reduce climatechange, atmospheric black carbon particles absorb significantly less sunlight than scientists have predicted, according to a new study by an international team of researchers, published in the journal Science. Credit: Cappa et al. Click to enlarge.
in 2018 (2000-2018 average year-over-year increase is 6.8%), continuing the increasing trend as they replace Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) being phased out under the 1987 Montreal Protocol. Because of the enormous potential impact of these products, reducing their emissions has a disproportionate benefit to the environment.
Ethane reacts with sunlight and other molecules in the atmosphere to form ozone, which at the surface can cause respiratory problems, eye irritation and other ailments and damage crops. Between 2005 and 2014, the Bakken’s oil production jumped by a factor of 3,500, and its gas production by 180.
However, levels have been soaring because it is vented to the atmosphere during the production of another chemical widely used in cooling systems in developing countries. Over the last two decades, scientists have been keeping a close eye on the atmospheric concentration of HFC-23, a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) gas.
The transport and transformation of plumes from selected European and Asian major population centers (MPCs) will now be investigated with special focus on the rate of formation of ozone and aerosols. A total of approximately 100 flight hours are planned for the measurement flights in the emission plumes of Asian cities, said John P.
The fuels studied were: biogas from sugar beet, ley crops, maize and waste products in the form of household waste, industrial waste and manure; biodiesel from rapeseed; ethanol from wheat and sugar beet; and ethanol from Brazilian sugar cane. Co-production of biogas and ethanol from wheat was also analyzed. A hat-tip to John!).
Funding priorities through the ARFVT Program support fuel and vehicle development to help attain the state’s climatechange policies. million ZEVs on the state’s roads. 20 million for hydrogen fueling infrastructure. An estimated 68 stations are needed to support the anticipated rollout of these vehicles in 2015-2017.
Development of sustainable communities strategies can also provide an opportunity for associated criteria pollutant emission reductions that will be needed to attain air quality standards for ozone and particulate matter as well as reduce near-roadway exposures.
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