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A NASA-led study has documented an unprecedented depletion of Earth’s protective ozone layer above the Arctic last winter and spring caused by an unusually prolonged period of extremely low temperatures in the stratosphere. The same ozone-loss processes occur each winter in the Arctic.
The US, Canada, and Mexico have submitted a proposal to strengthen climate protection under the Montreal Protocol— the international treaty that phases out the production of a number of substances responsible for ozone depletion. Climate protection from the Montreal and Kyoto protocols. Durwood Zaelke. 0902568106.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has submitted its final Report to Congress on Black Carbon , in response to an October 2009 request from Congress to advance efforts to understand the role of black carbon (BC) in climatechange. Earlier post.). This GHG effect warms the Earth’s surface and the lower atmosphere.
while the US GDP is projected to grow by 40%, according to the fifth National Communication on US climatechange actions submitted by the US Department of State to the United Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange. The United States released previous Climate Action Reports in 1994, 1997, 2002, and 2006.
While they do not deplete the ozone layer, many are highly potent greenhouse gases. Their use is growing rapidly as replacements for ozone-depleting substances that are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
This could explain satellite measurements showing high levels of stratospheric ozone, water vapor and other chemicals over Asia during summer. When sulfur rises into the stratosphere, it can lead to the creation of small particles called aerosols that are known to influence the ozone layer. William Randel.
Global benefits from full implementation of measures for reduction of short-lived climate pollutants in 2030 compared to the reference scenario. The climatechange benefit is estimated for a given year (2050) and human health and crop benefits are. for 2030 and beyond. Source: UNEP. Click to enlarge. Earlier post.).
HFCs are chemicals are potential substitutes for ozone-depleting and climate-warming CFCs and HCFCs currently being phased out under the Montreal Protocol treaty to protect the ozone layer. The United States, Mexico, and Canada also proposed a similar amendment.
This was agreed by: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey,the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union, as well as Ethiopia, Spain, Senegal, Brunei, Kazakhstan, and Singapore.
Two maps compare total annual sulfur dioxide amounts for India and China during 2005 (left) and 2016 based on Ozone Monitoring Instrument measurements. Illustration: Chris McLinden, Environment and ClimateChangeCanada. They also cannot account for changing conditions or unforeseen policies. Click to enlarge.
These results were compared with observations of ozone, CO, formaldehyde, BC, and PM 10 from a few well observed urban areas, and in most of the cases, the output distributions were found to be within ranges of the observations.
Many other countries, such as Canada, the USA and Australia use the WHO guideline; the EU is lagging a long way behind in this respect. When we use clean, renewable energy, we are not just fulfilling the Paris Agreement to mitigate the effects of climatechange, we could also reduce air pollution-related death rates in Europe by up to 55%.
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