Battery, Gasoline-Electric, Purchase and Universal

CMU/Yale study suggests BEVS could be majority or near-majority of cars and SUVs by 2030 given technology trends

Green Car Congress

JUNE 9, 2023

A study by a team from Carnegie Mellon University and Yale University suggests that BEVs could constitute the majority or near-majority of cars and SUVs by 2030, given widespread BEV availability and technology trends. Their open-access paper is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). —Forsythe et al.

SUV

SUV Gasoline-Electric Gasoline Cars

U-M researchers challenge USPS EV environmental study

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 29, 2022

A new University of Michigan study finds that making the switch to all-electric mail-delivery vehicles would lead to far greater reductions in greenhouse gas emissions than previously estimated by the US Postal Service (USPS). The NGDV program calls for the purchase of up to 165,000 new mail delivery trucks over the next decade.

District of Columbia

District of Columbia Fleet Gas-Electric Gasoline-Electric

Responsible Battery Coalition and U Michigan launch study to compare electric and gas vehicle lifetime costs

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 31, 2022

The Responsible Battery Coalition, in partnership with the University of Michigan Center for Sustainable Systems, launched a comprehensive research project to compare the total cost of ownership of gas and electric vehicles (EVs). Gregory Keoleian, Director of the Center for Sustainable Systems at the University of Michigan.

Michigan

Michigan Gas-Electric Gas Batteries

Xiamen University team assesses reasons for purchasing EVs in first-tier cities in China; smog a major factor

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 24, 2017

A team of researchers at Xiamen University in China has examined the factors influencing electric vehicle uptake in major Chinese cities. Boqiang Lin and Wei Wu have put forward an electric vehicle purchasing intention model based on a review of the literature and their survey in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen.

Purchase

Purchase China Universal Oil

Argonne study finds BEVs can have lowest scheduled maintenance costs, but highest cost of driving

Green Car Congress

JUNE 15, 2021

Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory, with colleagues from Lawrence Berkeley, Oak Ridge, and National Renewable Energy labs, and the University of Tennessee, have published a comprehensive analysis of the total cost of ownership (TCO) for 12 sizes of vehicles ranging from compact sedans up to Class 8 tractors with sleeper cabs.

Maintenance

Maintenance Cost Of Chad Plug-in

NRC report recommends ways to overcome barriers hindering purchases of PEVs; vehicle cost, battery tech and consumer knowledge among others

Green Car Congress

APRIL 22, 2015

Vehicle cost, current battery technology, and inadequate consumer knowledge are some of the barriers preventing widespread adoption of plug-in electric vehicles, according to a new congressionally mandated report from the National Research Council. Four Classes of Plug-in Electric Vehicles. Description. Example (AER).

Purchase

Purchase Batteries Battery Re-Charge

U Mich, Ford lifecycle study of carbon footprint of last-mile and final-50-feet delivery with automated vehicles and robots

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 19, 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic boosted interest in automated transport technologies as a contactless way to help customers get their purchases. Fuel economy and delivery density are key parameters, and electrification of the vehicle and carbon intensity of the electricity have a large impact. The ICEV results from Stolaroff et al. Resources.

Miles

Miles Carbon Ford Vehicles

Con Edison helping NYC drivers shift to EVs with more places to charge up

Green Car Congress

APRIL 12, 2022

There are now more than 29,000 electric vehicles registered in New York City and Westchester, including 1,262 added in February, the most recent month for which data are available, according to Con Edison, the electricity, gas and steam utility for New York CIty and Westchester County, NY. Electrifying Con Edison’s Fleet of Vehicles.

New York City

New York City Charging New York Gasoline-Electric

CMU study finds small battery PHEVs and gasoline hybrids the least-cost policy solution to reducing gasoline consumption

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 29, 2012

The federal subsidy significantly favors larger battery packs to a stronger degree than their potential for additional gasoline savings. A 2011 paper by Michalek and colleagues found that strategies to promote adoption of HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs offer more social benefits (i.e., Peterson and Michalek 2012.

Gasoline

Gasoline PHEV Gasoline-Electric Batteries

Researchers suggest subsidies and policies targeting plug-ins with small battery packs would produce more benefits at lower cost

Green Car Congress

JULY 25, 2012

Federal subsidies and policies to encourage plug-in vehicle adoption would produce more benefits at lower cost by targeting the purchase of vehicles with small battery packs, according to Jeremy J. Whether larger battery packs offer more benefits on balance depends on their net impacts from cradle to grave. Earlier post.).

Plug-in

Plug-in Plug Batteries Battery

How much money EV ownership saves depends on where you live

Baua Electric

JANUARY 8, 2024

A new University of Michigan study compares the cost of ownership for EVs and internal-combustion vehicles across 14 U.S. The study found that the total cost of ownership for a 300-mile midsize electric SUV varies by $52,000 across all the cities studied. cities, finding that the path to cost parity between the two varies by region.

San Francisco

San Francisco Los Angeles Gasoline-Electric Cleveland

What is the cost of usable energy for driving and heating our homes?

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 31, 2019

This analysis compares the costs of usable energy when we buy gasoline and electricity for driving and natural gas for keeping warm. Gasoline-powered vehicles. Gasoline-powered vehicles. Combustion of a gallon of gasoline (that includes ethanol) releases 120,333 Btu of energy. All-electric vehicles.

Cost Of

Cost Of Energy Gasoline-Electric Gas-Electric

Study finds car dealerships pose significant barrier to EV adoption

Green Car Congress

MAY 25, 2018

A new study by a team from Aarhus University in Denmark has found that car dealerships pose a significant barrier to electric vehicle adoption at the point of sale due to a perceived lack of business case viability in relation to gasoline and diesel vehicles. Their study is published in the journal Nature. outside of Norway.

Iceland

Iceland Denmark Finland Norway

Cerulogy analysis finds supply of clean fuels for Washington could meet 11.2% CI reduction target by 2028

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 11, 2019

The largest fuel pathways used to meet this target include electricity, lower carbon sources of ethanol blended into gasoline, biodiesel and renewable diesel. The other two scenarios presented consider cases with more and less rapid increases in sales of electric vehicles in Washington State.

Washington

Washington Clean Cleaning Supplies

How EVs Are Helping Humanity & Saving Lives?

Get Electric Vehicle

FEBRUARY 27, 2024

Electric vehicles have become an inevitable part of every walk of modern life. EVs: They Are Everywhere As we mentioned earlier EVs have a wide range of applications because EVs are much more flexible in case of design and configuration which gasoline vehicles cannot match. In fuel cell cars we do not have to recharge the battery.

Petrol

Petrol Pollution Gasoline-Electric Diesel

Study of 5-year TCO suggests ongoing challenge to unsubsidized BEV cost-competitiveness

Green Car Congress

JULY 9, 2018

A team at Arizona State University has analyzed the five-year Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for representative electric, hybrid, and conventional vehicles—the Nissan Leaf (BEV), Toyota Prius (HEV), and Toyota Corolla (ICEV)—in 14 US cities from 2011 to 2015. Breetz, Deborah Salon (2018) “Do electric vehicles need subsidies?

Prius

Prius Tax Maintenance Arizona

Why you might be charging your EV wrong – and what to do instead

Baua Electric

MARCH 18, 2024

Tesla Supercharger (Source: Tesla) Many EV drivers carry over habits from driving gasoline cars when they charge EVs, but that leads to wasted time, inconvenience, and range anxiety, according to a new study. Refueling with gasoline takes only a few minutes, and one has to drive to or stop at a gas station.

Charging

Charging Recharge Solar Plug-in

China and Norway Lead the World’s EV Switchover

Cars That Think

MARCH 16, 2024

government recently backed down from enacting tough new measures that would have forced automakers to quadruple their sales of electric vehicles by 2030. The move would have raised market share of all-electric vehicles in the U.S. Cost parity between battery- and petrol-powered vehicles will happen by 2026 in the U.S.

Norway

Norway China Iceland Canada

CMU, Ford, Drexel study suggests Chinese more receptive to adopting BEVs than Americans, regardless of subsidies

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 23, 2015

Results from a study by a team from Carnegie Mellon University, Ford and Drexel University suggest that Chinese consumers are more receptive to adopting battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) than their American counterparts, regardless of subsidies. The study is published in the journal Transportation Research Part A.

Chinese

Chinese Ford Gasoline-Electric PHEV

Royal Mail to buy 100 Peugeot electric vans for delivery vehicles

Green Car Congress

JULY 27, 2017

Royal Mail has signed an agreement with Peugeot to purchase 100 Partner L2 Electric vans, to be used as delivery vehicles. Royal Mail—since 2003 a quoted company with shares traded on the LSE—is the UK’s designated Universal Postal Service Provider. The Partner Electric’s 22.5

Buy

Buy Re-Charge Lithium Ion London

Study of 5-year TCO suggests ongoing challenge to unsubsidized BEV cost-competitiveness

Green Car Congress

JULY 9, 2018

A team at Arizona State University has analyzed the five-year Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for representative electric, hybrid, and conventional vehicles—the Nissan Leaf (BEV), Toyota Prius (HEV), and Toyota Corolla (ICEV)—in 14 US cities from 2011 to 2015. Breetz, Deborah Salon (2018) “Do electric vehicles need subsidies?

Prius

Prius Tax Maintenance Arizona

CMU study finds that HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs offer more emissions and oil displacement benefits per dollar spent than large pack PHEVs and BEVs; policy implications

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 27, 2011

Strategies to promote adoption of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) with small battery packs offer more social benefits (i.e., In our base case, we assume average US values for emissions and damage valuation of electricity generation, oil refining, vehicle. Michalek et al.

PHEV

PHEV Oil Emissions Batteries

Study finds behavior-influencing policies remain critical for mass market success of low-carbon vehicles

Green Car Congress

JULY 23, 2018

Policies to entice consumers away from fossil-fuel powered vehicles and normalize low carbon, alternative-fuel alternatives, such as electric vehicles, are vital if the world is to significantly reduce transport sector carbon pure-emissions, according to a new study. Share of EDVs in 2050. Note the different scaling used in the graphs.

Carbon

Carbon Market Alternative Fuels Vehicles

NEMA releases summary report on Advanced Batteries Café; focus on plug-in vehicles and stationary storage

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 8, 2010

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) has released a report by Energetics Inc. on the Advanced Batteries Café , hosted in cooperation with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on 1 September 2010, in Rosemont, Illinois. —Summary Report.

Plug-in

Plug-in Plug Batteries Battery

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 12, 2013

In regions where the share of coal-based electricity is relatively low, EVs can achieve substantial GHG reduction, the team reports in a paper in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology. the Ten Cities, Thousand Vehicles Program) and issued numerous economic policies favoring the purchase of EVs. Earlier post.]

Coal

Coal Pollution China Gas

Hyundai Offering Free Chargers to EV Buyers, Swelling Industry Incentives

The Truth About Cars

SEPTEMBER 22, 2023

Hyundai is offering customers willing to buy an all-electric vehicle a Level 2 home charger for no extra cost. While the ChargePoint device is framed as being free, it does require the purchase of a new automobile through the automaker’s captive finance arm Hyundai Capital America. or from a free-trade agreement partner.

Hyundai

Hyundai Industrial Industry United Kingdom

UC Berkeley Study Concludes Battery Switching Model Would Accelerate Mass-Market Adoption of Electric Cars; Baseline Scenario Projects EVs Reaching 64% of New LDV Sales in 2030

Green Car Congress

JULY 14, 2009

EV penetration with a battery swap model in three scenarios. In two other scenarios considered, a high oil price scenario (using EIA projections) and a battery swap operator-subsidzied scenario, EV new vehicle sales penetration reaches 85% and 86% respectively by 2030. Becker (2009). Click to enlarge. of total US investment.

Electric Cars

Electric Cars Batteries Battery Market

Governors of 8 states sign MoU to put 3.3M zero-emission vehicles on roads by 2025; 15% of new vehicle sales

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 24, 2013

Zero-emission vehicles include battery-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles, and hydrogen fuel-cell-electric vehicles; the technologies can be applied in passenger cars, trucks and transit buses. US electric car sales in 2012 more than tripled to about 52,000 from 17,000 in 2011.

Emissions

Emissions Vehicles Rhode Island Sale

Maritz study finds growing but still low US consumer awareness about alternative fuel technologies; knowledge gap and confusion a sales challenge for OEMs

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 7, 2011

The research also indicates that consumers have relatively low product knowledge of electric-only and electric-hybrid vehicles and see electric technology vehicles as useful for those who do limited driving. Gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles rose from 15 to 22%.

Alternative Fuels

Alternative Fuels Fuel Gasoline-Electric Volt

New study of emissions and health impacts from EVs in China, including massive e-bike fleet

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 2, 2012

note that the focus of their study was motivated in part by the unprecedented rise in popularity of electric two-wheelers in China. While conventional vehicle (CV) ownership and electricity consumption in China are both increasing rapidly—annual growth rates during the past decade were ? Today, e-bikes outnumber CVs 2:1.

Emissions

Emissions China Gasoline-Electric Fleet

How to make heavy-duty electric trucks work in practice

Charged EVs

DECEMBER 21, 2022

Fleets tested Volvo VNR Electric Class 8 tractors for three years: Here’s what they learned. However, heavy-duty electric trucks from traditional makers have started to hit the market. Publicity magnet Tesla said it delivered its first battery-electric Semi tractor on December 1. Driving style also matters.

Volvo

Volvo Fleet Electric Electrical

Obama Administration launches series of actions to accelerate EV adoption; inc. $4.5B in loan guarantees, pursuing 350 kW fast charge

Green Car Congress

JULY 21, 2016

The collaboration, forged by the White House in partnership with DOE and the Department of Transportation (DOT), the US Air Force and US Army, and the Environmental Protection Agency, is centered on a set of Guiding Principles to Promote Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure. Electric vehicle coalition.

Obama

Obama Charging Financing DC

From EV Range Anxiety to Range Confidence

Blink Charging

NOVEMBER 30, 2023

Today’s EVs have higher battery capacity, allowing EV drivers to charge less frequently. The electric vehicle (EV) market is here and concerns about finding a charging location for your EV are quickly diminishing. What Are EV Range Anxiety and Range Confidence? EV range anxiety is the fear of running out of power and getting stranded.

Range

Range Charging Gasoline-Electric United States

Study Finds Coordinated Off-peak Charging Can Support Large Scale Plug-in Use Without Additional Generation Capacity; TCO and GHG Abatement Costs for BEVs Projected to Remain High

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 18, 2010

The study, in press in the Journal of Power Sources , examines the efficiency and costs of current and future EVs, as well as their impact on electricity demand and infrastructure for generation and distribution, and thereby on GHG emissions. All reference car configurations except the diesel use gasoline engines, because the.

Plug-in

Plug-in Charging PHEV Gasoline-Electric

CMU study finds driving conditions have “substantial” impact on benefits of electrified vehicles; policy implications

Green Car Congress

JUNE 10, 2013

A new analysis by Orkun Karabasoglu and Jeremy Michalek of the Carnegie Mellon Vehicle Electrification Group at Carnegie Mellon University found that driving conditions affect the economic and environmental benefits of electrified vehicles “ substantially ”. Source: Karabasoglu and Michalek. Click to enlarge. —Karabasoglu and Michalek.

Vehicles

Vehicles Plug-in PHEV Plug

Convincing Consumers To Buy EVs

Cars That Think

JANUARY 23, 2023

With the combination of requiring all new light-duty vehicles sold in New York State be zero-emission by 2035, investments in electric vehicles charging stations , and state and federal EV rebates, “ you’re going to see that you have no more excuses ” for not buying an EV, according to New York Governor Kathy Hochul. How much range is enough?

Buy

Buy GM Range Purchase

False Starts: The Story of Vehicle-to-Grid Power

Cars That Think

MARCH 11, 2023

They wanted to see whether an electric vehicle could feed electricity back to the grid. The concept behind V2G had gained traction in the late 1990s after California’s landmark zero-emission-vehicle (ZEV) mandate went into effect and compelled automakers to commercialize electric cars. AC Propulsion’s experiment was timely.

Grid

Grid Power Powered Vehicles

At home with the WOLFBOX Level 2 EV charger – 30% off for a limited time

Baua Electric

JANUARY 6, 2024

But in reality, if you are on a road trip or you heavily rely on charging outside of your home, those superchargers are not that much cheaper than regular gasoline prices anymore. Universal Compatibility : Equipped with a SAE J1772 connector, this charger is compatible with all J1772 electric vehicle models.

Smart Charger

Smart Charger Charging Installation Gas-Electric

China publishes plan to boost fuel-efficient and new energy vehicles and domestic auto industry; targeting 500K PHEVs and EVs in 2015, rising to 2M by 2020

Green Car Congress

JULY 9, 2012

China’s State Council has published a plan to develop the domestic energy-saving and new energy vehicle industry, which includes battery-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles. China has made big progress in electric car technologies but still lags behind other countries in certain areas, said the report.

Auto Industry

Auto Industry Industrial Industry 2015

UC report to CalEPA outlines policy options to decarbonize California transportation by 2045

Green Car Congress

APRIL 22, 2021

A team of transportation and policy experts from the University of California released a report to the California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) outlining policy options to significantly reduce transportation-related fossil fuel demand and emissions. Transportation pricing: Gasoline taxes. Active transportation.

Transportation

Transportation California Davis Carbon

Expert panel report finds achieving 1M plug-in vehicles in US by 2015 would require concentrated action to overcome barriers

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 4, 2011

A new study sponsored by Indiana University concludes that President Obama’s vision of one million plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) on US roads by 2015 will require concentrated efforts action from all stakeholders— the auto industry, federal government, the scientific community, and consumers—to be realized.

Plug-in

Plug-in 2015 Plug Recharge

Comprehensive modeling study finds electric drive vehicle deployment has little observed effect on US system-wide emissions

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 15, 2014

The results of a new, comprehensive modeling study characterizing light-duty electric drive vehicle (EDV) deployment in the US over 108 discrete scenarios do not demonstrate a clear and consistent trend toward lower system-wide emissions of CO 2 , SO 2 , and NO x as EDV deployment increases.

Emissions

Emissions Oil Prices Vehicles Oil

Belfer Center Study Concludes Reducing Car and Truck GHG Emissions Will Require Substantially Higher Fuel Prices; Income Tax Credits for Advanced Alt Fuel Vehicles Are Essentially Ineffective at Reducing Sector Emissions

Green Car Congress

MARCH 8, 2010

It also finds that, while relying on subsidies for electric or hybrid vehicles is politically attractive, it is an extremely expensive and ineffective way to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the near term. Purchase tax credits are an expensive way to reduce oil consumption and GHG emissions from transportation.

Tax Credit

Tax Credit Tax Emissions Fuel

Using the PHEV (Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle) to Transition Society Seamlessly and Profitably From Fossil Fuel to 100% Renewable Energy

Green Car Congress

JULY 17, 2015

The PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle), a subset of the electric car, combines a primary electric motor with a much smaller back-up engine fueled with a hydrocarbon/biofuel mix. (In In this paper PHEV refers solely to the long-range PHEV of 60 miles (100 km) electric-only range.) It is much more than that.

PHEV

PHEV Plug-in Renewable Energy

CMU/Yale study suggests BEVS could be majority or near-majority of cars and SUVs by 2030 given technology trends

U-M researchers challenge USPS EV environmental study

Responsible Battery Coalition and U Michigan launch study to compare electric and gas vehicle lifetime costs

Xiamen University team assesses reasons for purchasing EVs in first-tier cities in China; smog a major factor

Argonne study finds BEVs can have lowest scheduled maintenance costs, but highest cost of driving

NRC report recommends ways to overcome barriers hindering purchases of PEVs; vehicle cost, battery tech and consumer knowledge among others

U Mich, Ford lifecycle study of carbon footprint of last-mile and final-50-feet delivery with automated vehicles and robots

Con Edison helping NYC drivers shift to EVs with more places to charge up

CMU study finds small battery PHEVs and gasoline hybrids the least-cost policy solution to reducing gasoline consumption

Researchers suggest subsidies and policies targeting plug-ins with small battery packs would produce more benefits at lower cost

How much money EV ownership saves depends on where you live

What is the cost of usable energy for driving and heating our homes?

Study finds car dealerships pose significant barrier to EV adoption

Cerulogy analysis finds supply of clean fuels for Washington could meet 11.2% CI reduction target by 2028

How EVs Are Helping Humanity & Saving Lives?

Study of 5-year TCO suggests ongoing challenge to unsubsidized BEV cost-competitiveness

Why you might be charging your EV wrong – and what to do instead

China and Norway Lead the World’s EV Switchover

CMU, Ford, Drexel study suggests Chinese more receptive to adopting BEVs than Americans, regardless of subsidies

Royal Mail to buy 100 Peugeot electric vans for delivery vehicles

Study of 5-year TCO suggests ongoing challenge to unsubsidized BEV cost-competitiveness

CMU study finds that HEVs and PHEVs with small battery packs offer more emissions and oil displacement benefits per dollar spent than large pack PHEVs and BEVs; policy implications

Study finds behavior-influencing policies remain critical for mass market success of low-carbon vehicles

NEMA releases summary report on Advanced Batteries Café; focus on plug-in vehicles and stationary storage

Tsinghua University provincial-level lifecycle study finds fuel-cycle criteria pollutants of EVs in China could be up to 5x those of natural gas vehicles due to China’s coal-dominant power mix

Hyundai Offering Free Chargers to EV Buyers, Swelling Industry Incentives

UC Berkeley Study Concludes Battery Switching Model Would Accelerate Mass-Market Adoption of Electric Cars; Baseline Scenario Projects EVs Reaching 64% of New LDV Sales in 2030

Governors of 8 states sign MoU to put 3.3M zero-emission vehicles on roads by 2025; 15% of new vehicle sales

Maritz study finds growing but still low US consumer awareness about alternative fuel technologies; knowledge gap and confusion a sales challenge for OEMs

New study of emissions and health impacts from EVs in China, including massive e-bike fleet

How to make heavy-duty electric trucks work in practice

Obama Administration launches series of actions to accelerate EV adoption; inc. $4.5B in loan guarantees, pursuing 350 kW fast charge

From EV Range Anxiety to Range Confidence

Study Finds Coordinated Off-peak Charging Can Support Large Scale Plug-in Use Without Additional Generation Capacity; TCO and GHG Abatement Costs for BEVs Projected to Remain High

CMU study finds driving conditions have “substantial” impact on benefits of electrified vehicles; policy implications

Convincing Consumers To Buy EVs

False Starts: The Story of Vehicle-to-Grid Power

At home with the WOLFBOX Level 2 EV charger – 30% off for a limited time

China publishes plan to boost fuel-efficient and new energy vehicles and domestic auto industry; targeting 500K PHEVs and EVs in 2015, rising to 2M by 2020

UC report to CalEPA outlines policy options to decarbonize California transportation by 2045

Expert panel report finds achieving 1M plug-in vehicles in US by 2015 would require concentrated action to overcome barriers

Comprehensive modeling study finds electric drive vehicle deployment has little observed effect on US system-wide emissions

Belfer Center Study Concludes Reducing Car and Truck GHG Emissions Will Require Substantially Higher Fuel Prices; Income Tax Credits for Advanced Alt Fuel Vehicles Are Essentially Ineffective at Reducing Sector Emissions

Using the PHEV (Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle) to Transition Society Seamlessly and Profitably From Fossil Fuel to 100% Renewable Energy

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