Green Car Congress

MAY 28, 2014

The study, which provides a joint industry analysis of how different types of batteries are used in different automotive applications, concludes that lead-based batteries will by necessity remain the most wide-spread energy storage system in automotive applications for the foreseeable future.

Lead Acid 304

Lead Acid Nickel Metal Hydride Energy Storage Lithium Ion 304

Green Car Congress

MARCH 15, 2011

published in the ACS journal Chemical Reviews , reviews in detail four stationary storage systems considered the most promising candidates for electrochemical energy storage: vanadium redox flow; sodium-beta alumina membrane; lithium-ion; and lead-carbon batteries. Among the most important factors are capital cost and life-cycle cost.

Li-ion 231

Li-ion Energy Storage Grid Carbon 231

Green Car Congress

JUNE 25, 2012

The battery-electric NS-999, “under the long hood”. In April, Axion Power International Inc received an order from Norfolk Southern Corp (NS) for PbC lead-carbon batteries for use in an all-battery-powered switcher locomotive. Like a lead-acid battery, it comprises a series of cells. Source: NS.

Lead Acid 225

Lead Acid Hybrid Battery Batteries 225