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Ozone levels across much of North America and Europe dropped significantly between 2000 and 2014. People living in parts of southern Europe, South Korea and southern Japan and China also experienced more than 15 days a year of ozone levels above 70 ppb. Trends in daily maximum ozone levels (known as 4MDA8) at urban and non-urban sites.
Among the many climate-related vulnerabilities that can impact its mission, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cites a likely increase in tropospheric ozone pollution as potentially making it more difficult to attain National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) in many areas with existing ozone problems.
pollution is falling, harmful ground-level ozone pollution is on the rise, especially in large cities. Ozone is the main ingredient in smog and has been studied since it began choking cities in the US in the early 1950s. There was so much particulate matter in Chinese cities that it stunted the ozone production. Ke Li, Daniel J.
The decrease in CO 2 equivalent emissions of ODSs (ozone-depleting substances: CFCs, halons, HCFCs, and others) may be offset by the projected increase in their non-ozone depleting substitutes (HFCs) (lines designated as HFC scenarios). The contribution of HFCs to climate forcing is currently less than 1% of all greenhouse gases.
Current emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) have already committed the planet to an increase in average surface temperature by the end of the century that may be above the critical threshold for tipping elements of the climate system into abrupt change with potentially irreversible and unmanageable consequences, the authors write.
Through a recent modeling experiment, a team of NASA-funded researchers have found that future concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone in the atmosphere and of nitrogen in the soil are likely to have an important but overlooked effect on the cycling of water from sky to land to waterways.
Schematic diagram of the trade-offs between the implications for regional air quality and global climate change of new policies for management of the atmosphere. The project builds upon the idea that air quality and climate change issues are linked through “one atmosphere”, an approach that demands coordination and multi-tiered approaches.
Compared to the 2010 “Business as Usual” scenario—which includes all adopted emission control measures for the South Coast—NO x levels must be reduced by 65% and by 75% to meet the 2023 and 2032 ozone standards, respectively. California’s Climate Protection Strategies do not help meet NAAQS Standards. Click to enlarge.
The US, Canada, and Mexico have submitted a proposal to strengthen climate protection under the Montreal Protocol— the international treaty that phases out the production of a number of substances responsible for ozone depletion. Climate protection from the Montreal and Kyoto protocols. Source: IGSD. Click to enlarge.
A side event organized by the International Nitrogen Initiative (INI) at the COP-15 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen will highlight nitrogen’s role in climate change. This massive alteration of the nitrogen cycle affects climate, food security, energy security, human health and ecosystem health.
The US National Science Foundation has issued a solicitation for Decadal and Regional Climate Prediction using Earth System Models (EaSM). NSF anticipates funding of $35,000,000 to $39,000,000 in FY 2012 and FY 2013, pending availability of funds, to be awarded to an estimated 7 to 12 projects. —NSF EaSM solicitation.
the final version of the proposed First Update to the Climate Change Scoping Plan (First Update). Furthermore, commercially available technologies, such as fuel efficient passenger vehicle tires, can be utilized by both new and in-use vehicles in the near-term to achieve GHG emission reductions. Earlier post.).
From: Geoengineering the Climate (2009) Click to enlarge. million) in funding to the project SPICE (Stratospheric Particle Injection for Climate Engineering). The report did note, however, that there are some serious questions over adverse effects with this method, particularly depletion of stratospheric ozone. Earlier post.).
Among the non-CO 2 pollutants are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), methane, tropospheric ozone, and black carbon soot. The next round of UN climate negotiations begins in Cancun today. ” The authors go on to say that reducing the non-CO 2 pollutants can delay additional climate warming by several decades.
HFCs are chemicals are potential substitutes for ozone-depleting and climate-warming CFCs and HCFCs currently being phased out under the Montreal Protocol treaty to protect the ozone layer. The Joint Task Force will submit its report by 1 August 2011. The United States, Mexico, and Canada also proposed a similar amendment.
The chemical, which does not deplete the ozone layer, may now be used in air conditioning for new cars and light trucks. Using HFO-1234yf is one option available to automakers. Prior to HFC-134a, car air conditioners generally used CFC-12, a potent greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting substance.
Molecules called Criegee intermediates—carbonyl oxides—are important atmospheric reactants, but only indirect knowledge of their reaction kinetics has been available. Credit: Marston (2012), Photo credit: Daniel Stein/Istockphoto.com.Click to enlarge. Carl Percival. —Welz et al.
Among the findings: Summer surface ozone (O 3 ) decreases in most locations due to widespread reductions of traffic NO x emissions. Across scenarios, we found the more cars that transitioned to electric power, the better for summertime ozone levels. Seasons and times of day. —Jordan Schnell. Resources.
(R134a replaced CFC-12 as the MAC refrigerant in the early 1990s due to the negative impact of CFCs on the Earth’s ozone layer. With its GWP of 1, it is also the refrigerant that has the least impact on climate. It has a high cooling capacity and is available worldwide at low cost in the required qualities.
The on-road transportation (ORT) and power generation (PG) sectors are major contributors to CO 2 emissions and a host of short-lived radiatively-active air pollutants, including tropospheric ozone and fine aerosol particles, that exert complex influences on global climate. Unger et al. Click to enlarge. Unger et al.
The leaders of the world have just returned from the UN's latest climate change summit, COP26 , in which the countries that have signed on to the Paris Agreement upped their commitments to fight climate change. C by the year 2100 , according to Climate Action Tracker. C above pre-industrial levels. C above pre-industrial levels.
From: Geoengineering the Climate (2009) Click to enlarge. Geoengineering is defined as the deliberate large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climate system in order to moderate global warming. Geoengineering and its consequences are the price we may have to pay for failure to act on climate change. Professor John Shepherd.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has submitted its final Report to Congress on Black Carbon , in response to an October 2009 request from Congress to advance efforts to understand the role of black carbon (BC) in climate change. Effects of BC on climate, as compared to GHGs. Earlier post.). Earlier post.). Source: EPA.
Global ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and HFC emissions (A), global CO 2 and HFC emissions (B), and ODS, HFC, and CO 2 global RF (C) for the period 2000–2050. These HFCs, gases used in refrigerators and air conditioners, are substitutes for ozone-depleting gases, but they are also strong greenhouse gases. Velders et al.
The graphs we’ve made available online will enable people to examine the evidence about the major driver of recent climate change. Data for the synthetic greenhouse and ozone depleting gases, such as CFCs, also are available.
That’s three times the amount estimated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change and stratospheric ozone destruction. This multi-site experiment clearly establishes streams and rivers as important sources of nitrous oxide.
Markey of the Energy and Environment Subcommittee on Tuesday released a draft of far-reaching energy and climate legislation that targets job creation, promotes renewables and energy efficiency, and places limits on emissions of greenhouse gases. Waxman of the Energy and Commerce Committee and Chairman Edward J.
The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a policymaker’s summary of Working Group III’s (WG III) latest report showing that despite a growing number of climate change mitigation policies, annual anthropogenic GHG emissions grew on average by 1.0 WG III Summary for Policymakers. Click to enlarge.
Health and other non-climate damages by life-cycle component for different combinations of fuels and light-duty automobiles in 2005 (top) and 2030 (bottom). In contrast, ethanol made from herbaceous plants or corn stover—which are not yet commercially available—had lower damages than most other options. Click to enlarge.
HFO-1234yf is a non-Ozone Depleting Substance with a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 4. The results from the CRP1234 programs that investigated the new refrigerant for use in mobile air conditioning systems (cars and light trucks) are available on-line. Tags: Climate Change Emissions Vehicle Systems.
Reports like this one help us to prepare for increasing demands on Arctic resources so that better decisions can be made about how to manage and protect these more valuable and increasingly available resources. —Monica Medina, NOAA principal deputy under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere.
Under the proposal, automakers could petition the EPA for approval of a higher octane, higher ethanol content test fuel if: they could demonstrate that such a fuel would be used by the operator and would be readily available nationwide; vehicles would not operate appropriately on other available fuels; and. psi RVP and 7.8
CTGs are not regulations and do not impose legal requirements on sources; rather, they provide recommendations for state and local air agencies to consider in determining reasonably available control technology (RACT) for reducing emissions from covered processes and equipment. Net benefits are estimated at $35 million to $42 million.
Specifically, the proposed rule updates the current prohibition under section 608 of the Clean Air Act against knowingly venting, releasing or disposing of ozone-depleting (ODS) and substitute refrigerants and extends the requirements, as appropriate, to non-ozone-depleting substitute refrigerants, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
Funding priorities through the ARFVT Program support fuel and vehicle development to help attain the state’s climate change policies. They are available only for new natural gas and propane vehicles that meet all the emission requirements of the California Air Resources Board. million ZEVs on the state’s roads.
The Afternoon Constellation, so named because it crosses the equator at approximately 1:30 PM local time every day, consists of five existing satellites in tight formation, collecting simultaneous data on aerosols, clouds, cloud ice, carbon sinks, carbon sources, ozone, particulates, and atmospheric water vapor.
Among the findings of the report, “HFC-134a phase-out in the Chinese light-duty motor vehicle sector”, was that, considering the social cost of CO 2 e, up to 1 trillion RMB in costs (US$150 billion) required to address climate change could be avoided through 2050 by transitioning to low-GWP alternative MACs. relative to HFC-134a and 98.6%
Up to $23,658,000 is available for this project from FY 2014-15 funds. Up to an additional $60,000,000 may be available for projects under this solicitation from future funds appropriated by the California legislature on or before 30 June 2016. microns or less (PM 2.5 ); and NO x emissions that lead to ozone and secondary PM.
However, climate change has caused an increase in rainfall in recent years, which now raises the issue of environmental contamination. Other project partners are also evaluating UV- and ozone-assisted as well as microbial oxidation processes. These calcium compounds are then deposited in the Atacama Desert. —Anna-Lisa Bachmann.
National and state regulators primarily use generic emission inventories to assess the climate, air quality, and health impacts of natural gas systems. They then reviewed the available literature on air quality impacts for each of the stages. Once out of the ground, however, unconventional natural gas is subject to the same fate (e.g.,
Life cycle inventories have typically been presented at global, national, or regional levels—sufficient for understanding global processes such as climate change and fossil fuel depletion, but insufficient for the analysis of local processes such as air pollution, according to the researchers. —Tessum et al.
Organic aerosol (OA) in the atmosphere is detrimental to human health and represents a highly uncertain forcing of climate change. The use of petroleum-derived fuels is an important source of reactive gas-phase organic carbon that provides key precursors to the formation of secondary OA (SOA) and tropospheric ozone.
The situation is exacerbated by the physical proximity of a wide range of hazardous material sources—including an ammonia tank and fuel farms—to population centers, and by topographic and climatic conditions that aggravate air pollutant dispersion.
The proposal retains the proven regulatory design of previous EPA standards for light-duty vehicles, but leverages advances in clean car technology to further reduce both climate pollution and smog- and soot-forming emissions. For both light-duty and all medium-duty vehicles, EPA is proposing a particulate matter (PM) standard of 0.5
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