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Through a recent modeling experiment, a team of NASA-funded researchers have found that future concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone in the atmosphere and of nitrogen in the soil are likely to have an important but overlooked effect on the cycling of water from sky to land to waterways. Credit: NASA. Click to enlarge.
Among the many climate-related vulnerabilities that can impact its mission, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cites a likely increase in tropospheric ozone pollution as potentially making it more difficult to attain National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) in many areas with existing ozone problems.
At 2:56 AM PST today, NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) was successfully launched into orbit from Space Complex 2 West at California’s Vandenberg Air Force Base, riding on a two-stage Delta II 7320-10 launch vehicle. by Jack Rosebro. This measurement is unique like a fingerprint, and can be used for identification.
The decrease in CO 2 equivalent emissions of ODSs (ozone-depleting substances: CFCs, halons, HCFCs, and others) may be offset by the projected increase in their non-ozone depleting substitutes (HFCs) (lines designated as HFC scenarios). Climate and the Ozone Layer. Source: UNEP. Click to enlarge.
The US, Canada, and Mexico have submitted a proposal to strengthen climate protection under the Montreal Protocol— the international treaty that phases out the production of a number of substances responsible for ozone depletion. Uncontrolled growth of HFCs will offset the benefits of reducing carbon dioxide. Source: IGSD.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has submitted its final Report to Congress on Black Carbon , in response to an October 2009 request from Congress to advance efforts to understand the role of black carbon (BC) in climate change. —Report to Congress on Black Carbon. Source: EPA. Click to enlarge. Source: EPA.
The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) announced the availability of $24.9 million is available for buses and $3.3 million is available for supporting facilities and related equipment. A maintenance area, as defined in section 5303, for ozone or carbon monoxide. Of that amount, $21.6 7407(d)); or.
Average greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide equivalent) per passenger from flying were obtained from an online emissions calculator at myclimate (a nonprofit spin-off from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology). by adding an amount that corresponds to the direct portion of emissions. (A The above data are for flying economy class.
Led by the tiny Pacific island of the Federated States of Micronesia, a growing group of low-lying islands and other vulnerable countries are calling for fast action on the approximately 50% of global warming that is caused by pollutants other than carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). million lives lost each year due to black carbon soot.
Among the findings: Summer surface ozone (O 3 ) decreases in most locations due to widespread reductions of traffic NO x emissions. Across scenarios, we found the more cars that transitioned to electric power, the better for summertime ozone levels. Seasons and times of day. —Jordan Schnell.
Cutting HFCs, black carbon, tropospheric ozone, and methane can buy us about 40 years before we approach the dangerous threshold of 2°C warming. —co-author HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases originally developed as substitutes for ozone-depleting chemicals. Black Carbon. From Molina et al. Earlier post.) Mario Molina. (Dr.
Molecules called Criegee intermediates—carbonyl oxides—are important atmospheric reactants, but only indirect knowledge of their reaction kinetics has been available. Credit: Marston (2012), Photo credit: Daniel Stein/Istockphoto.com.Click to enlarge. —Welz et al. In a commentary accompanying the main paper by Welz et al. ,
The atmospheric level of carbon dioxide, which is the most important long-lived greenhouse gas influenced by human activities, is at its highest level in more than a million years. The graphs we’ve made available online will enable people to examine the evidence about the major driver of recent climate change. per cent each year.
Furthermore, commercially available technologies, such as fuel efficient passenger vehicle tires, can be utilized by both new and in-use vehicles in the near-term to achieve GHG emission reductions. Achieving our long-term climate goal and 2032 ozone standards will require a much deeper penetration of ZEVs into the fleet.
These connections arise because in many cases the agents of concern are the same, and in many cases the sources of the agents are the same or intimately connected.For example, surface ozone is both an air pollutant and a greenhouse gas. The complex roles that ozone and aerosols play in the atmosphere provide examples of such trade-offs.
Clean Fuels grant recipients will be chosen through a competitive selection process based on their ability to help communities achieve or maintain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone and carbon monoxide, while supporting emerging clean fuel and advanced propulsion technologies for transit buses.
The program will demonstrate that a suite of commercially available, EPA-rail-certified engines present a near-term, low-risk solution to create an affordable RNG hybrid line-haul locomotive with near zero emissions while simultaneously improving fuel cost by 50%. g/bhp-hr of NOx, a reduction of 400 times.
R134a replaced CFC-12 as the MAC refrigerant in the early 1990s due to the negative impact of CFCs on the Earth’s ozone layer. It has a high cooling capacity and is available worldwide at low cost in the required qualities. CO 2 is an A1 refrigerant, indicating minimal toxicity and non-flammability.
A lawsuit against the agencies, filed by the Washington Environmental Council and Sierra Club in March, claimed that the state agencies had violated their obligation under Washington’s State Implementation Plan (SIP) to determine and impose “reasonably available control technologies” on refineries to control greenhouse gas emissions.
Decomposition of the decadal change in total global CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion by four driving factors; population, income (GDP) per capita, energy intensity of GDP and carbon intensity of energy. giga tonne carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO 2 eq) (2.2%) per year from 2000 to 2010 compared to 0.4 Click to enlarge.
Among the direct transportation-related provisions in the extensive package are a low-carbon fuel standard for all transportation fuels; financial support for large scale demonstrations of electric vehicles; and financial support for automakers retooling plants to make electric vehicles. Carbon Capture and Sequestration.
Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change and stratospheric ozone destruction. Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion and intensive agriculture, have increased the availability of nitrogen in the environment.
The use of petroleum-derived fuels is an important source of reactive gas-phase organic carbon that provides key precursors to the formation of secondary OA (SOA) and tropospheric ozone. These compounds in un-burned gasoline and diesel fuel dominate vehicular emissions of reactive gas-phase carbon that have the potential to form SOA.
Reports like this one help us to prepare for increasing demands on Arctic resources so that better decisions can be made about how to manage and protect these more valuable and increasingly available resources. —Monica Medina, NOAA principal deputy under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere.
Volatile organic compounds (VOC), which include hydrocarbons, are major air pollutants as well as precursors of harmful compounds such as tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. compounds containing 2-12 carbon atoms) are mainly produced by automobiles, a conclusion in line with previous findings.
NO 2 is just one component of air pollution, which is made up of many pollutants (including particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide), which are known to have numerous adverse effects on health. NO 2 is a pollutant formed mainly from fossil fuel combustion, and traffic emissions can contribute up to 80% of ambient NO 2 in cities.
EPA sets NAAQS for six key pollutants known as “criteria pollutants” that are commonly found across the United States: ozone, particle pollution (particulate matter), lead, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.
Specifically, the proposed rule updates the current prohibition under section 608 of the Clean Air Act against knowingly venting, releasing or disposing of ozone-depleting (ODS) and substitute refrigerants and extends the requirements, as appropriate, to non-ozone-depleting substitute refrigerants, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
In October, team of climate scientists from eight US national labs and academic institutions successfully incorporated the nitrogen cycle into global simulations for climate change for the first time, questioning previous assumptions regarding carbon feedback and potentially helping to refine model forecasts about global warming.
The on-road transportation (ORT) and power generation (PG) sectors are major contributors to CO 2 emissions and a host of short-lived radiatively-active air pollutants, including tropospheric ozone and fine aerosol particles, that exert complex influences on global climate. Unger et al. Click to enlarge.
Methane, the key constituent of natural gas, is a potent GHG with a global warming potential more than 25 times greater than that of carbon dioxide. Those benefits include reductions in health effects related to fine particle pollution, ozone and air toxics, along with improvements in visibility.
The costs of transition are generally favorable compared to other available CO 2 reduction technologies for motor vehicles. MAC technology and equipment is generally of a commodity nature and is available through third-party suppliers to any vehicle manufacturer.
Jaiwon Shin, NASA’s associate administrator for aeronautics research, said NASA technology will become increasingly important because of the lack of available space for new airports. Reducing the amount of fuel burned reduces emissions of carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming.
The 2013-2014 plan update allocates $100 million to projects in the following areas: $23 million for biofuels production and supply, with an emphasis on fuels made from waste-based and other low-carbon, sustainable materials. $20 20 million for hydrogen fueling infrastructure.
Google Street View cars can be equipped with Aclima’s mobile sensing platform to measure nitrogen dioxide; nitric oxide; ozone; carbon monoxide; carbon dioxide; methane; black carbon; particulate matter; and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). More interactive mapping results are available at insights.aclima.io.
60% of ground-level ozone (O 3 ) precursors, 6% of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and 22% of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted. of all three fuels, but emits more black carbon (15 mg mi ?1 On-road transportation accounts for approximately 20% of United States energy consumption. Associated tailpipe emissions alone account for 40?60%
The capacity to meet the renewable fuel mandate for cellulosic biofuels will not be available unless the production process is unexpectedly improved and technologies are scaled up and undergo several commercial-scale demonstrations in the next few years. Economic effects. Barriers and opportunities.
Each certification level has its own permissible emission levels for non-methane organic gases (NMOG), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), formaldehyde (HCHO), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM). in terms of potentially generating more evaporative emissions) is available and cost-effective. —LEV III discussion paper.
Unless emissions of carbon dioxide can be greatly reduced—i.e., The report assesses the two main kinds of geoengineering techniques: Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) and Solar Radiation Management (SRM). However, there are some serious questions over adverse effects, particularly depletion of stratospheric ozone.
The scores will be made easily available to citizens through dedicated websites. The new initiatives will award each car model a score based on all of the air pollutants they release during real-world, on-road conditions. Paris and London have committed to launch their data online by the end of 2017.
Thanks to the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act’s (IIJA), there is $5 billion available in funding for clean school buses. View the Case Study How much funding is available for EV charging at school districts?
The committee that wrote the report focused on monetizing the damage of major air pollutants—sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and particulate matter—on human health, grain crops and timber yields, buildings, and recreation. miles per gallon will lower emissions and damages for every vehicle mile traveled.
We can assume that generous rebates and discounts were available on new '93 Stanza Altimas. It appears that no airbags were available on any first-year Stanza Altimas here. One of its owners applied faux-carbon-fiber decals to the dash trim, as one does. The MSRP on this car was $14,024, or about $29,834 in 2023 dollars.
Through the application of readily available emissions control technology and requiring compliance across the broad range of driving conditions represented by the three test cycles, EPA projects the standards will reduce tailpipe PM emissions from ICE vehicles by more than 95%.
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