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Ozone pollution near Earth’s surface is one of the main ingredients of summertime smog. It is also not directly measurable from space due to the abundance of ozone higher in the atmosphere, which obscures measurements of surface ozone. —Jin et al.
systems in areas classified “Serious,” “Severe,” or “Extreme” for nonattainment of the ozone national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS). Gasoline-rich vapors in an empty automobile fuel tank are forced out when liquid gasoline is pumped into the tank. The CAA requires states to implement Stage II gasoline vapor recovery.
However, as required by the Clean Air Act, automobile manufacturers began installing onboard refueling vapor recovery (ORVR) technologies in 1998, making gas stations’ systems increasingly redundant. Since 2006, all new automobiles and light trucks (pickups, vans and SUVs) are equipped with ORVR systems.
Automobile tire producers are looking for alternative solutions for natural rubber made from latex-bearing trees. Sharkey’s research team already has measured rates of isoprene emission from plants that are used by the Environmental Protection Agency to predict lower-atmosphere ozone levels.
lower ozone formation potential of the carbonyl compounds present than DF under the identical operating conditions. In addition, there was an 18.0–35.8% reduction in total carbonyls and a 3.4–100% 100% drop in individual carbonyls in the constant load/varying speed test mode. CFT had 16.5–44.1% —Hao et al. 2014.05.025.
Furthermore, airborne chemicals that originate inside a house don’t stay there: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from products such as shampoo, perfume and cleaning solutions eventually escape outside and contribute to ozone and fine particle formation, making up an even greater source of global atmospheric air pollution than cars and trucks do.
The California waiver authority exists because California has uniquely difficult problems with ozone-forming pollutants. The action finalizes parts of the SAFE Vehicles Rule that was first proposed on 2 August 2018. Earlier post.)
Emissions from automobile exhaust systems have decreased in recent years due to the introduction of cleaner fuels and new control technologies on internal combustion engines, as well as increases in numbers of hybrid and electric vehicles.
Volatile organic compounds (VOC), which include hydrocarbons, are major air pollutants as well as precursors of harmful compounds such as tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. compounds containing 2-12 carbon atoms) are mainly produced by automobiles, a conclusion in line with previous findings.
In California, the environmental footprint of ports is significant, both because of the volume of activity itself and because they tend to be located in areas that already experience heavy automobile and truck traffic, create smog, particulate matter, and ozone pollution.
Passenger trains and buses cause four to five times less impact than automobile travel for every mile a passenger travels. As planes fly at high altitudes, their impact on ozone and clouds is disproportionately high, though short lived. Car travel emits more carbon dioxide than air travel per passenger mile.
This category of emissions is the largest source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by automobiles, which are a main source of haze, ozone, and particulate matter. If fuel vapor is released into the atmosphere, it contributes to a category of pollutants known as evaporative emissions.
They found that levels of pollutants that can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, or smog, have failed to continue a fairly steady decline as estimated by the US Environmental Protection Agency. These results show that meeting future air quality standards for ozone pollution will be more challenging than previously thought.
James Donaldson, is a mixture of thousands of chemical compounds spewed into the air by automobiles, factories and a host of other sources. When in the air, these compounds may combine with volatile organic compounds to produce ozone, the main component of smog. Among these compounds are nitrogen oxides. —James Donaldson.
The first vehicles to use vacuum sensing hoses made from biohydrin rubber will be produced in May, with usage expected to be rolled out to all Toyota automobiles manufactured in Japan by the end of this year. Vacuum sensing hose production process. Click to enlarge. Vacuum sensing hoses are used in engine intake system components.
Two maps compare total annual sulfur dioxide amounts for India and China during 2005 (left) and 2016 based on Ozone Monitoring Instrument measurements. First, the researchers collected estimated emission amounts from inventories of the number of factories, power plants, automobiles and other contributors to sulfur dioxide emissions.
Health and other non-climate damages by life-cycle component for different combinations of fuels and light-duty automobiles in 2005 (top) and 2030 (bottom). GHG emissions (grams CO 2 -eq)/VMT by life-cycle component for different combinations of fuels and light-duty automobiles in 2005 (top) and 2030 (bottom). Click to enlarge.
Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath inventoried on-road, rail, and air travel to determine energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and criteria air pollutant (CAP) emissions (excluding PM, lead, and ozone due to lack of data).
The global warming provisions in the discussion draft are modeled closely on the recommendations of the US Climate Action Partnership (USCAP), a coalition of electric utilities, oil companies, chemical companies, automobile manufacturers, other manufacturers and energy companies, and environmental organizations.
In 2004, the Centralina region (the Greater Charlotte metro area, which straddles the North CarolinaSouth Carolina border) was designated as a non-attainment area for ozone under the Clean Air Act. And when hydrogen fueling becomes common at truck stops, thats when hydrogen automobiles will begin to take market share.
The 1979 Iranian crisis and related oil price shock accelerated Brazil’s conversion of its gasoline supply and automobile fleet. Automobile manufacturers were given tax breaks to produce cars that ran on hydrous ethanol, and, by 1980, every automobile company in Brazil was following this lead. 40 CFR § 80.27 40 CFR § 80.27(d)
Among the projects selected are one by GM and EPRI of California to improve welding techniques for automobile manufacturing and power plant builds in partnership with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).
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