Automobile and Climate Change

Six Japan-based companies establish Research Association of Biomass Innovation for Next Generation Automobile Fuels

Green Car Congress

JULY 20, 2022

Toyota Motor Corporation , and Toyota Tsusho Corporation established the Research Association of Biomass Innovation for Next Generation Automobile Fuels (Research Association) to study ways to optimize the process of producing fuel. ENEOS Corporation, Suzuki Motor Corporation, Subaru Corporation, Daihatsu Motor Co.

Automobile

Automobile Fuel Japan Companies

Why EVs Aren't a Climate Change Panacea

Cars That Think

JANUARY 28, 2023

If just one out of five urban residents in Europe permanently changed from driving to cycling, emissions from automobiles would be cut by 8 percent, the study reports. Behavioral change is hard How willing are people to break their car dependency and other energy-related behaviors to address climate change?

Climate Change

Climate Change Climate San Diego Emissions

EPA GHG Inventory shows US GHG down 1.7% y-o-y in 2019, down 13% from 2005

Green Car Congress

APRIL 17, 2021

Petroleum-based products supplied 95% of the energy used for transportation, with 60% from gasoline consumption in automobiles and other highway vehicles. This impartial, policy-neutral report, has been compiled annually since 1993 and submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

2005

2005 2019 EPA Climate Change

KPMG study identifies 10 sustainability “megaforces” with accelerating impacts on business; imperative of sustainability changing the automotive business radically

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 15, 2012

KPMG developed 3 nexuses linked by climate change to represent the challenges of sustainable growth. The 10 global sustainability megaforces that may impact business over the next two decades are: Climate Change: This may be the one global megaforce that directly impacts all others. Sector analysis: Automobiles.

Climate Change

Climate Change Water Climate Global

Survey Finds Many Americans Have a Very Poor Understanding of Energy Use and Savings

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 18, 2010

Mean perceptions of energy used for automobile-related activities (A), and saved via modes of transporting goods (B). It is therefore vital that public communications about climate change also address misconceptions about energy consumption and savings, so that people can make better decisions for their pocketbooks and the planet.

Energy

Energy Climate Change Climate Universal

Draft of EPA Greenhouse Gas Inventory Shows Overall GHG Emissions Down By 2.9% in 2008; Transportation Emissions Down 5.7% in Largest Annual Change Recorded Since 1990

Green Car Congress

MARCH 9, 2010

Almost all of the energy consumed for transportation was supplied by petroleum-based products, with more than half being related to gasoline consumption in automobiles and other highway vehicles. Tags: Climate Change Emissions. The inventory tracks annual greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 to 2008 at the national level.

2008

2008 Emissions EPA Transportation

ACEA study finds 100-fold increase in zero-emission trucks needed in EU fleet in 10 years to meet goals

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 21, 2021

A new study by the European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) has found that there are currently 6.2 The European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) is the Brussels-based trade association of the 16 major car, van, truck and bus manufacturers in the EU. The oldest buses can be found in Greece (19.9

Fleet

Fleet Emissions Greece Poland

Potsdam/TUB/BMW report says cap-and-trade instrument for road transport fuels combined with vehicle efficiency metrics is the most promising policy approach to reduce transport GHG

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 21, 2010

Second, car manufacturers can react to standards through technology and innovation, shifting their automobile portfolio, but also by pushing additional fuel efficient cars into the market (e.g. The study CITIES indicates how the energy sector, in addition to the innovations of the automobile industry, can contribute to sustainable mobility.

Transportation

Transportation Fuel Automobile Manufacturer Climate Change

Volkswagen Group selected as new Industry Group Leader in Dow Jones Sustainability Index

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 13, 2013

RobecoSAM AG has listed Volkswagen AG as the Industry Group Leader in the Automobiles and Components sector in this year’s review of the Dow Jones Sustainability Indices (DJSI). The report analyzes the initiatives of the world’s largest listed companies in addressing countermeasures against climate change.

Industry

Industry Industrial Climate Change Climate Protection

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, IVECO and ENGIE collaborating to promote natural gas in Europe starting from Belgium

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 25, 2017

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA), IVECO (a brand of CNH Industrial) and ENGIE (Global Energy Player) are broadly collaborating to promote natural gas vehicles and infrastructure in Europe. ENGIE considers transportation a major development focus.

Belgium

Belgium Chrysler Automobile Gas

EU should target 1M EV public chargers by 2024, 3M by 2029 say carmakers, environmentalists and consumer groups

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 12, 2021

Otherwise, even the current reduction targets in fighting climate change are at risk. The EU Commission quickly needs to take action and set binding targets for the ramp-up of charging infrastructure in the member states. In addition to public charging infrastructure, we also need to put a stronger focus on workplace and home charging.

Re-Charge

Re-Charge Alternative Fuels Climate Automobile Manufacturer

National Research Council Study: More Compact Development Could Reduce VMT, Fuel Use and CO2 Emissions Anywhere from Less than 1% to 11%

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 2, 2009

This trend of suburbanization, made possible largely due to automobiles and extensive highway systems, reflects the preferences of many Americans for living in detached, single-family homes. If so, land use changes should be implemented soon, because current development patterns will take decades to reverse.

Emissions

Emissions Climate Change CO2 Fuel

Government of Canada Releases Draft Regulations to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from New Light-Duty Vehicles; Outcome Aligned With US

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 9, 2009

This is an important step in the fight against climate change. For the 2011 Model Year, the draft regulations would require auto companies to comply with unique fleet average GHG emission standards for passenger automobiles and light trucks aligned with applicable US fuel economy standards for the 2011 model year.

Canada

Canada Emissions Light Gas

Study Finds Traveling by Car Increases Global Temperatures More than Traveling by Plane In the Long Term

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 4, 2010

Passenger trains and buses cause four to five times less impact than automobile travel for every mile a passenger travels. Findings for freight transport (year 2000) include: The specific climate impact of air transport is 3 to 42 times higher, for a light truck it is 2 to 8 times higher than average truck transport. Technol. ,

Global

Global Climate Change Climate 2000

Growing Number of EU Countries Levying CO2 Taxes on Cars and Incentivizing Plug-ins

Green Car Congress

APRIL 21, 2010

At present, 17 of the 27 EU Member States levy CO 2 -related taxes on passenger cars, and 15 governments provide tax incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles, according to the newly published European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) Tax Guide 2010. Tags: Climate Change Emissions Europe Plug-ins Policy.

Tax

Tax Plug-in Latvia Czech Republic

Perspective: The UN Approval Process for Carbon Offsets

Green Car Congress

MARCH 22, 2010

Verification of the emission reduction or carbon sequestration is critical in efforts to mitigate climate change. One question is who will be responsible for verifying changes in carbon, which raises questions about the role of a regulatory agency for accrediting claimed changes in carbon levels from an activity.

Carbon

Carbon Climate Change Climate Emissions

ORNL study finds aluminum-intensive vehicles can deliver up to 29% reduction in CO2 emissions compared to typical steel-bodied vehicle

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 20, 2013

More than 90% of automobile energy consumption and carbon emissions occurs during the use phase, with the mining, production and manufacturing phases accounting for just 10% or less. Compared to a lightweight steel vehicle, the breakeven point is at 27,340 miles (44,000 km). Source: Sujit Das, ORNL. Click to enlarge. —Sujit Das.

Emissions

Emissions Vehicles CO2 SUV

European, Japanese, and North American heavy-duty engine and vehicle manufacturers call for harmonized global approach to improve fuel efficiency

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 22, 2010

As key participants in the goods movement and freight transport sectors, the world's leading commercial vehicle manufacturers assembled here today recognize the importance of energy security, improved fuel efficiency and climate change. programs that are compatible with the complexities of the heavy-duty marketplace.

Manufacturer

Manufacturer Global Fuel Engine

Oxford University Study Finds Downscaling of Vehicle Size and Weight the Best Way to Reduce Transport GHG Emissions in the Short Term

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 29, 2010

“The most significant impact that can be made in reducing CO 2 emissions from automobiles in the coming decades is reducing the average weight and engine size of vehicles.” Bottom-up methods are economically efficient but do not always achieve their full potential for change. Future of Mobility Roadmap.

Transportation

Transportation Emissions Universal Climate Change

Study concludes that sugar cane-based biorefineries producing ethanol and electricity could power a global auto fleet of hybrids and EVs using only 4% of available cropland

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 24, 2011

In their study, they assess the benefits and drawbacks of the joint production in a sugar cane-based biorefinery—using technology that is currently available and cost-competitive—of ethanol and electricity for fueling privately-owned automobiles. times the value usually reported in the literature for biofuels.

Fleet

Fleet Available Hybrid Power

The Challenges Of Electric Air Travel

CleanTechnica EVs

DECEMBER 19, 2022

While our collective use of automobiles, our production of electricity, and the industrial and agricultural sectors each exceed the climate change impact of commercial aviation, passenger air travel was producing the highest and fastest growth of individual emissions before the pandemic, despite a significant improvement in efficiency of aircraft and (..)

Climate Change

Climate Change Automobile Electric Electrical

EU agreement pushes full implementation of 95 g/km CO2 target for cars back 1 year to 2021, expands use of supercredits

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 27, 2013

Our objective was to stand firm and not weaken our targets, in order not to hold back innovation in the car industry and EU efforts against climate change. The earlier agreement had capped supercredits at 2.5 grams per year. We accepted a very limited phase-in of one year only, combined with super-credits. Earlier post.).

CO2

CO2 2012 2020 Climate Change

eRUF Stormster Electric SUV Debuts in Copenhagen

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 10, 2009

RUF Automobile GmbH unveiled the Stormster, an electric SUV based on the Porsche Cayenne, for the European Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, (COP 15). The Stormster is driven by a Siemens electric motor, with 270 kW (367 bhp) as in the eRUF sports car. The lithium-ion battery pack is supplied by Li-Tec Battery GmbH.

SUV

SUV Li-ion Cayenne Lithium Ion

US House Members Introduce Bipartisan Disapproval Resolution to Block EPA Regulation of GHG; Mirrors Murkowski Resolution

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 27, 2010

When Congress passed the Clean Air Act, it never gave EPA the explicit authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions for the purpose of stopping global climate change. Tags: Climate Change Emissions Policy. Executive branch agencies, like EPA, carry out the laws passed by Congress.

EPA

EPA Congress Climate Change Automobile Manufacturer

EPA: US greenhouse gases dropped 3.4% in 2012 from 2011; down 10% from 2005 levels

Green Car Congress

APRIL 16, 2014

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks , which is submitted annually to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, presents a national-level overview of annual greenhouse gas emissions since 1990. Climate Change Emissions' decrease in 2012 from 2011. The Inventory of U.S.

2005

2005 2012 EPA 2011

TU Dresden study on external costs of automotive transportation in Europe calls for internalization of the high external costs; raising user prices to change behavior

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 26, 2012

and climate change (focused on avoidance costs rather than damage costs). Of course, the selection of any value for climate change costs is somewhat arbitrary. The discussion about greenhouse gas reductions in transport is primarily left to automobile technology experts.

Cost Of

Cost Of International Transportation Price

New Study Finds Flaw in Carbon Accounting for Bioenergy, Another Contends That Indirect Land Use Change Emissions for Biofuels Will Be Up To Twice Direct Land Use Change Emissions

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 24, 2009

The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) said that treating renewable energy the same as fossil energy thwarts the goal of reducing climate change. Renewable energy should not be treated in the same manner as fossil fuels under any climate change cap and trade legislation or treaty. —Statement from the RFA.

Emissions

Emissions Carbon Climate Change Climate

National Academies Report Examines Hidden Cost of Energy Production and Use in US; Estimates $120B in 2005

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 22, 2009

Health and other non-climate damages by life-cycle component for different combinations of fuels and light-duty automobiles in 2005 (top) and 2030 (bottom). GHG emissions (grams CO 2 -eq)/VMT by life-cycle component for different combinations of fuels and light-duty automobiles in 2005 (top) and 2030 (bottom). Click to enlarge.

2005

2005 Cost Of Energy Coal

NHTSA issues Notice of Intent for EIS for MY 2017-2025 CAFE standards, inviting comment

Green Car Congress

MAY 12, 2011

Similar to past EIS practice, NHTSA plans to analyze environmental impacts related to fuel and energy use, emissions including GHGs and their effects on temperature and climate change, air quality, natural resources, and the human environment. In particular, NHTSA requests: Background.

2017

2017 Standards Climate Change Fuel Economy

California ARB Pulls the Plug on Cool Cars Regulation

Green Car Congress

MARCH 26, 2010

Instead, the Board will pursue a performance-based approach as part of its vehicle climate change program to reduce CO 2 from air conditioning and provide cooler car interiors for California motorists. The cool cars regulation was early action item under AB 32 and adopted by the Air Resources Board (ARB) in June 2009.

California

California Plug Cars Automobile Manufacturer

California Air Resources Board Adopts Regional Targets for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Light Duty Vehicles

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 24, 2010

Proposed Regional Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Targets for Automobiles and Light Trucks Pursuant to Senate Bill 375 ( ARB Staff Report ). Tags: Climate Change Emissions Land use Policy.

Emissions

Emissions Light California Gas

EPA, NHTSA issue One National Program Rule; EPA withdraws CA waiver for GHG and fuel economy

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 19, 2019

The California waiver authority does not exist to allow California to address national and global issues such as climate change. The action finalizes parts of the SAFE Vehicles Rule that was first proposed on 2 August 2018. Earlier post.)

Fuel Economy

Fuel Economy EPA Economy Fuel

ACEA and PIK declare that by 2040 all new trucks sold need to be fossil-free

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 16, 2020

To develop their roadmap to carbon-neutrality by 2050 at the latest, the CEOs of Europe’s commercial vehicle manufacturers, under the umbrella of the European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA), have joined forces with leading scientists from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK).

Climate Change

Climate Change Automobile Manufacturer Climate Carbon

Rosenberger Spritzguss und Formenbau manufactures new sensor carrier for EGR in one process step and without any weld lines

Green Car Congress

MAY 4, 2016

The whole component is mounted as a cover on exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) modules which are fitted as standard in many automobiles in Europe. A PET membrane, which is welded into the housing, provides the pressure compensation required in the event of climate changes. Click to enlarge.

Climate Change

Climate Change Exhaust Manufacturer Automobile

Honeywell and DuPont Form JV To Manufacture Low GWP Refrigerant HFO-1234yf for Mobile AC

Green Car Congress

MAY 20, 2010

The product meets European Union regulatory requirements for lower GWP refrigerants for automobile air conditioning systems. Tags: Climate Change Emissions Vehicle Systems. DuPont and Honeywell developed the product jointly but will market and sell it separately.

Manufacturer

Manufacturer Climate Change Climate Automobile

Fiat, MINI and smart Beat 130 gCO2/km New Car Average in Europe for First Half of 2009

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 20, 2009

Lorenzo Sistino, CEO of Fiat Automobiles. Tags: Climate Change Emissions Europe Fuel Efficiency. Other applications such as eco:Drive—our innovative software program—allows drivers to analyse personal driving styles so as to optimize consumption and emissions. g/km versus the same period in 2008. Click to enlarge.

2009

2009 Europe Alternative Fuels Climate Change

LanzaTech and Sumitomo Riko partner to produce isoprene from rubber, resin and urethane waste; substitute for natural rubber production

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 30, 2022

In addition, much like other agriculturally based industries, climate change and disease can severely impact production. A large amount of rubber waste is also produced from the manufacturing process as well as extracted from used automobile parts. —Kazushi Shimizu, President & CEO of Sumitomo Riko Company.

Waste

Waste Production Climate Change Polymer

Volkswagen Group to expand EV production worldwide to 16 sites by end of 2022; partnerships with battery manufacturers

Green Car Congress

MARCH 13, 2018

Modern diesel drives were part of the solution, not part of the problem, he stressed—also with regard to climate change. billion, investments in property, plant and equipment in the Automobile Division remained at the previous year’s level. from 7.3%.

Manufacturer

Manufacturer Batteries Battery Production

California ARB to Hold Public Workshop on LEV III Technologies; Criteria Pollutants and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Green Car Congress

MAY 13, 2010

Review of technical literature and trends related to automobile mass reduction technology. Tags: Climate Change Emissions Policy. Volkswagen, 2008. Super Light Car: Sustainable Production Technologies for CO 2. Emission Reduced Lightweight Car Concepts ”. ITS-Davis, 2010. Mobile Air Conditioning Systems.

Pollution

Pollution Emissions Gas California

EPA publishes 16th national US GHG inventory; emissions in 2009 dropped 6.1%

Green Car Congress

APRIL 18, 2011

Almost all of the energy consumed for transportation was supplied by petroleum-based products, with more than half being related to gasoline consumption in automobiles and other highway vehicles. The UNFCCC sets an overall global framework for nations to address climate change.

2009

2009 Emissions EPA Climate Change

DOT, EPA Set National Standards for Fuel Economy and First Greenhouse Gas Emission Levels For Light-Duty Vehicles

Green Car Congress

APRIL 1, 2010

NHTSA and EPA expect automobile manufacturers will meet these standards by more widespread adoption of conventional technologies that are already in commercial use, such as more efficient engines, transmissions, tires, aerodynamics, and materials, as well as improvements in air conditioning systems. Final Regulatory Impact Analysis.

Fuel Economy

Fuel Economy EPA Economy Light

COP26 declaration on accelerating the transition to 100% zero emission cars and vans

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 11, 2021

Automotive manufacturers: Avera Electric Vehicles; BYD Auto; Etrio Automobiles Private Limited; Ford Motor Company; Gayam Motor Works; General Motors; Jaguar Land Rover; Mercedes-Benz; MOBI; Quantum Motors; Volvo Cars. Unilever; Vattenfall; Zenith; Zurich.

Dominican Republic

Dominican Republic Emissions Cape Verde El Salvador

Study suggests global impact of obesity may be extra ~700MT/y CO2eq: about 1.6% of worldwide GHG emissions

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 23, 2019

In the commentary accompanying the paper, Swinburn said the estimates add valuable information to the growing literature examining the nexus between obesity and climate change. Therefore, the researchers conclude, the total impact of obesity may be an extra emissions of ~700 megatons per year of CO 2 eq—about 1.6% Resources.

Emissions

Emissions Global Climate Change Carbon

Study: Cash-for-Clunkers Programs Should Use Fuel Economy Rather Than Age to Maximize GHG Reductions

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 22, 2009

Considering the 4-6 year vehicle product planning, design, and introduction cycles where major retooling of automobile plants is needed, the researchers said, such longer term programs could actually induce technology changes. Tags: Climate Change Emissions Policy. Earlier post.).

Cash For Clunkers

Cash For Clunkers Fuel Economy Economy Scrappage

Six Japan-based companies establish Research Association of Biomass Innovation for Next Generation Automobile Fuels

Why EVs Aren't a Climate Change Panacea

EPA GHG Inventory shows US GHG down 1.7% y-o-y in 2019, down 13% from 2005

KPMG study identifies 10 sustainability “megaforces” with accelerating impacts on business; imperative of sustainability changing the automotive business radically

Survey Finds Many Americans Have a Very Poor Understanding of Energy Use and Savings

Draft of EPA Greenhouse Gas Inventory Shows Overall GHG Emissions Down By 2.9% in 2008; Transportation Emissions Down 5.7% in Largest Annual Change Recorded Since 1990

ACEA study finds 100-fold increase in zero-emission trucks needed in EU fleet in 10 years to meet goals

Potsdam/TUB/BMW report says cap-and-trade instrument for road transport fuels combined with vehicle efficiency metrics is the most promising policy approach to reduce transport GHG

Volkswagen Group selected as new Industry Group Leader in Dow Jones Sustainability Index

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, IVECO and ENGIE collaborating to promote natural gas in Europe starting from Belgium

EU should target 1M EV public chargers by 2024, 3M by 2029 say carmakers, environmentalists and consumer groups

National Research Council Study: More Compact Development Could Reduce VMT, Fuel Use and CO2 Emissions Anywhere from Less than 1% to 11%

Government of Canada Releases Draft Regulations to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from New Light-Duty Vehicles; Outcome Aligned With US

Study Finds Traveling by Car Increases Global Temperatures More than Traveling by Plane In the Long Term

Growing Number of EU Countries Levying CO2 Taxes on Cars and Incentivizing Plug-ins

Perspective: The UN Approval Process for Carbon Offsets

ORNL study finds aluminum-intensive vehicles can deliver up to 29% reduction in CO2 emissions compared to typical steel-bodied vehicle

European, Japanese, and North American heavy-duty engine and vehicle manufacturers call for harmonized global approach to improve fuel efficiency

Oxford University Study Finds Downscaling of Vehicle Size and Weight the Best Way to Reduce Transport GHG Emissions in the Short Term

Study concludes that sugar cane-based biorefineries producing ethanol and electricity could power a global auto fleet of hybrids and EVs using only 4% of available cropland

The Challenges Of Electric Air Travel

EU agreement pushes full implementation of 95 g/km CO2 target for cars back 1 year to 2021, expands use of supercredits

eRUF Stormster Electric SUV Debuts in Copenhagen

US House Members Introduce Bipartisan Disapproval Resolution to Block EPA Regulation of GHG; Mirrors Murkowski Resolution

EPA: US greenhouse gases dropped 3.4% in 2012 from 2011; down 10% from 2005 levels

TU Dresden study on external costs of automotive transportation in Europe calls for internalization of the high external costs; raising user prices to change behavior

New Study Finds Flaw in Carbon Accounting for Bioenergy, Another Contends That Indirect Land Use Change Emissions for Biofuels Will Be Up To Twice Direct Land Use Change Emissions

National Academies Report Examines Hidden Cost of Energy Production and Use in US; Estimates $120B in 2005

NHTSA issues Notice of Intent for EIS for MY 2017-2025 CAFE standards, inviting comment

California ARB Pulls the Plug on Cool Cars Regulation

California Air Resources Board Adopts Regional Targets for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Associated with Light Duty Vehicles

EPA, NHTSA issue One National Program Rule; EPA withdraws CA waiver for GHG and fuel economy

ACEA and PIK declare that by 2040 all new trucks sold need to be fossil-free

Rosenberger Spritzguss und Formenbau manufactures new sensor carrier for EGR in one process step and without any weld lines

Honeywell and DuPont Form JV To Manufacture Low GWP Refrigerant HFO-1234yf for Mobile AC

Fiat, MINI and smart Beat 130 gCO2/km New Car Average in Europe for First Half of 2009

LanzaTech and Sumitomo Riko partner to produce isoprene from rubber, resin and urethane waste; substitute for natural rubber production

Volkswagen Group to expand EV production worldwide to 16 sites by end of 2022; partnerships with battery manufacturers

California ARB to Hold Public Workshop on LEV III Technologies; Criteria Pollutants and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

EPA publishes 16th national US GHG inventory; emissions in 2009 dropped 6.1%

DOT, EPA Set National Standards for Fuel Economy and First Greenhouse Gas Emission Levels For Light-Duty Vehicles

COP26 declaration on accelerating the transition to 100% zero emission cars and vans

Study suggests global impact of obesity may be extra ~700MT/y CO2eq: about 1.6% of worldwide GHG emissions

Study: Cash-for-Clunkers Programs Should Use Fuel Economy Rather Than Age to Maximize GHG Reductions

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