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RVPs (predicted DVPE) of single- and dual-alcoholblends in gasoline with different relative proportions of ethanol and 1-butanol. Credit: ACS, Andersen et al. Click to enlarge.
A study by engineers from Mahle Powertrain Ltd and BP found strong synergy between spark ignition (SI) engine downsizing and fuel containing low-to-moderate amounts of alcohol, including ethanol and butanol. The team presented a paper on their work at the recent SAE 2009 World Congress in Detroit. Cairns et al. SAE 2009-01-0138).
ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company has filed a US patent application (# 20100326387 , published 30 December 2010) on methods using a wide range of fuel-alcoholblends to expand the operating envelope of engines operating in advanced combustion modes.
This fuel’s exhaust emissions contained the lowest total oxygenates among the alcoholblends and the lowest NMOG of all fuels tested. McCormick (2013) “Impact of Higher AlcoholsBlended in Gasoline on Light-Duty Vehicle Exhaust Emissions,” Environmental Science & Technology doi: 10.1021/es402793p.
Fuels can include gasoline blends, and alcoholblended hydrocarbon fuel grades. Ethanol blended hydrocarbon fuels can include higher ethanol blends (e.g. E80, E85), and neat ethanol (E99).
The alternative fuel types to be addressed under this FOA are specified by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and are: Methanol, ethanol, and other alcohols. Blends of 85% or more of alcohol with gasoline. Natural gas and liquid fuels domestically produced from natural gas. Liquefied petroleum gas (propane).
The Energy Policy Act of 1992 defined these fuels as alternative fuels: Methanol, ethanol, and other alcohols. Blends of 85% or more of alcohol with gasoline. Natural gas and liquid fuels domestically produced from natural gas. Liquefied petroleum gas (propane). Coal-derived liquid fuels.
Six of these blendstocks had the fewest significant practical barriers to adoption and use: di-isobutylene; ethanol; isobutanol; n-propanol; isopropanol; and a fusel alcoholblend. All the top-performing blendstocks showed potential to be produced at a competitive cost.
Of these 10 blendstocks, six were assessed to have the fewest significant practical barriers to adoption which include alcohols and an olefine (alkene): di-isobutylene, ethanol, a fusel alcoholblend, isobutanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol. What Will Work in the Real World?
Three years after embarking upon rigorous evaluation of a pool of more than 400 candidates ( earlier post ), researchers with the US Department of Energy (DOE) Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines (Co-Optima) initiative have identified the six blendstocks—di-isobutylene, ethanol, fusel alcoholblend, isobutanol, isopropanol, and n-propanol—that (..)
At the 2015 SAE World Congress, researchers from the Beijing Institute of Technology presented a paper evaluating regulated emissions, carbonyl compounds and particulate matter from a China-5 certified gasoline/methanol dual-fuel vehicle over the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Sileghem, L., Wallner, T., and Verhelst, S. 2014.07.002.
Alcohol and gasoline-alcoholblends also offer efficiency benefits independent of their octane value. Higher octane fuel improves the efficiency of today’s engines through reduced spark retard (from optimum) at high loads, and could enable even higher efficiency if engines were optimized for higher-octane fuel.
d) further provides for alcoholblends as follows: Special provisions for alcoholblends. (1) As used in this section and Sec. 80.27, “high ozone season” means the period from June 1 to September 15 of any calendar year and “regulatory control period” means the period from May 1 to September 15 of any calendar year.
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