PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon
Green Car Congress
MARCH 15, 2011
And besides technical improvements, the systems will need to be built to last, using materials that are safe and durable so that batteries could operate more than 15 years and require very little maintenance over their lifetime. Carrying charges, operation and maintenances (O&M), and replacement costs are not included.
Let's personalize your content