2016, Carbon, Fuel and Gas-Electric

ExxonMobil, FuelCell Energy expand agreement to optimize carbonate fuel cell technology for large-scale carbon capture

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 10, 2019

signed a new, two-year expanded joint-development agreement to further enhance carbonate fuel cell technology for the purpose of capturing carbon dioxide from industrial facilities. ExxonMobil is exploring options to conduct a pilot test of next-generation fuel cell carbon capture solution at one of its operating sites.

Carbon

Carbon Fuel Exhaust Energy

Kawasaki, Subaru, Toyota, Mazda, and Yamaha partner on producing, transporting, and using carbon-neutral fuels, including hydrogen

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 15, 2021

jointly announced that, toward the achievement of carbon neutrality, they will take on the challenge of expanding fuel options through the use of internal combustion engines at the (three-hour) Super Taikyu Race in Okayama on 13-14 November. Participating in races using carbon-neutral fuels.

Mazda

Mazda Hydrogen Toyota Transportation

Argonne releases new cradle-to-grave lifecycle analysis of US LDV vehicle-fuel pathways

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 6, 2022

Argonne National Laboratory has published a new cradle-to-grave (C2G) lifecycle analysis (LCA) of US LDV vehicle-fuel pathways. This analysis builds on a previous comprehensive life cycle analysis, updating that study’s 2016 assumptions and methods. Fuel production pathways considered. fuel sales tax) and/or credits (e.g.,

Fuel

Fuel Vehicles PHEV Carbon

Shell introduces new lifecycle approach to cut carbon footprint of aviation lubricants

Green Car Congress

JULY 16, 2023

Shell Aviation has introduced a new lifecycle sustainability approach for its AeroShell aviation lubricants to avoid, reduce and then compensate for lifecycle carbon emissions, improving aircraft performance while helping customers meet their net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) or carbon emissions ambitions. million miles since 2021.

Carbon

Carbon Oil Emissions Renewable

Cleaner fuels have replaced more than 3B gallons of diesel under California Low Carbon Fuel Standard

Green Car Congress

MAY 17, 2019

New 2018 data from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) indicates that the state’s Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) continues to drive production of a growing volume of cleaner transportation fuels for California consumers. billion gallons of petroleum diesel have been displaced by clean, low-carbon alternatives.

Cleaner

Cleaner California Carbon Standards

Canada publishing final new Clean Fuel Regulations

Green Car Congress

JULY 5, 2022

Canada will publish the final Clean Fuel Regulations (CFR) in the Canada Gazette Part II on 6 July 2022. The CFR set increasingly stringent requirements on producers and importers to reduce the carbon intensity of gasoline and diesel. The Clean Fuel Standard will require liquid fossil fuel primary suppliers (i.e.,

Canada

Canada Clean Cleaning Fuel

California ARB posts discussion document on $500M FY 2016-17 spend for low carbon transportation and fuels; $230M to fund CVRP

Green Car Congress

MARCH 28, 2016

prior to a 4 April 2016 public workshop on the development of the FY 2016-17 Funding Plan for Low Carbon Transportation and Fuels Investments and AQIP. The discussion document summarizes ARB staff’s work to-date and the draft recommendations for the FY 2016-17 Funding Plan.

2016

2016 Carbon Transportation Fuel

California ARB: GHG emissions fell below 1990 levels for first time in 2016; down 13% from 2004 peak; transportation emissions up 2%

Green Car Congress

JULY 12, 2018

The California Air Resources Board (CARB) announced that greenhouse gas emissions in California in 2016 fell below 1990 levels for the first time since emissions peaked in 2004—a reduction roughly equivalent to taking 12 million cars off the road or saving 6 billion gallons of gasoline a year.

2004

2004 2016 Emissions California

EIA: US energy-related CO2 emissions down 1.7% in 2016; carbon intensity of economy down 3.1%; transportation emissions up

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 6, 2017

US energy-related CO 2 emissions decreased by 89 million metric tons (MMmt), from 5,259 MMmt in 2015 to 5,170 MMmt in 2016. These contributing factors included a decline in the carbon intensity of the energy supply (CO 2 /British thermal units [Btu]) of 1.7% Natural gas CO 2 emissions have increased every year since 2009.

2016

2016 CO2 Emissions Transportation

Lufthansa, ETH Zürich, Climeworks & Synhelion to cooperate on Sustainable Aviation Fuels; CO2 capture & solar thermochemical conversion

Green Car Congress

MAY 30, 2020

Representatives of the Lufthansa Group and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zürich), with ETH spin-offs Climeworks and Synhelion , have signed a joint Letter of Intent for a possible cooperation to accelerate the market launch of Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF). First, air is drawn into the collector with a fan.

Solar

Solar Conversion Fuel CO2

Global Carbon Budget 2022: Global fossil CO2 emissions expected to grow 1.0% in 2022

Green Car Congress

NOVEMBER 14, 2022

The Global Carbon Project (GCP) published its annual analysis of trends in the global carbon cycle in the journal Earth System Science Data , including an updated full-year projection for 2022. The turmoil in the global energy markets is affecting the different fossil fuels in different ways. for natural gas, and 7.0%

Global

Global Emissions Carbon Coal

Agility launches fifth-generation ProRail CNG fuel systems

Green Car Congress

MAY 28, 2020

Agility Fuel Solutions (Agility), a leading global provider of clean fuel solutions for medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles, introduced the new fifth-generation ProRail CNG fuel system. The ProRail is known for its lightweight and durable design, utilizing carbon fiber composite TUFFSHELL ACF Type 4 CNG cylinders.

Fuel

Fuel Peterbilt Fuel Economy Carbon Fiber

Successful demonstration of FlexMethanol conversion of wind power to methanol

Green Car Congress

JUNE 11, 2020

The team uses green electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen in an electrolysis step. The hydrogen is then converted to methanol using a suitable carbon dioxide source such as flue gas in a specially developed process (FlexMethanol). The first samples of methanol have now been produced from electricity.

Wind

Wind Conversion Power Powered

California Governor orders 5M ZEV target for 2030; more hydrogen fueling and EV charging stations

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 26, 2018

billion initiative will help bring 200 hydrogen fueling stations and 250,000 zero-emission vehicle chargers, including 10,000 direct current fast chargers, to California by 2025. According to the Auto Alliance ZEV sales dashboard , as of the end of October 2017, California had 176,681 battery-electric and fuel-cell vehicles—i.e.,

California

California Hydrogen Fuel Charging

Geely testing Emgrand methanol hybrid sedan in -40 C conditions

Green Car Congress

MARCH 22, 2022

The new Emgrand runs on 100% clean methanol available in fueling stations. naturally aspirated methanol engine providing 97kW (130HP) of power and 175 N·m of max torque together with an electric motor providing 100kW (134HP) of power and 320 N·m for a combined 272kW (364HP) and 495 N·m of torque. The sedan houses a 1.8L

Hybrid

Hybrid Iceland Chinese Clean

California 2017 GHG inventory shows 1.2% total drop from 2016; transportation sector emissions up 1%

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 14, 2019

The California Air Resources Board’s latest state inventory of greenhouse gas emissions shows that California’s GHG emissions continue to decrease. Compared to 2016, California’s GDP grew 3.6% while the carbon intensity of its economy declined by 4.5%. In-State Hydro, Solar, and Wind Electricity Generation.

2017

2017 2016 Transportation Emissions

ICF report finds California Low Carbon Fuel Standard can be achieved with modest changes in diversity of fuels

Green Car Congress

JUNE 13, 2013

Each colored stacked bar represents credits generated via low carbon fuels; the red line represents the deficits from forecasted CARBOB and ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) consumption. The LCFS requires a 10% reduction in the carbon intensity (in gCO 2 e/MJ) of transportation fuels by 2020, as measured on a lifecycle basis.

California

California Carbon Fuel Standards

UPS commits to aggressive goals for more alternative vehicles, fuel and renewable power by 2025

Green Car Congress

JUNE 27, 2017

UPS announced new sustainability goals to add more alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles to its fleet while increasing its reliance on renewable energy sources. UPS has a goal that 25% of the electricity it consumes will come from renewable energy sources by 2025—a significant increase from the 0.2%

Renewable

Renewable Fuel Alternative Fuels Power

MAN Cryo first supplier to develop a marine, liquid-hydrogen fuel-gas system

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 6, 2018

MAN Cryo, the wholly owned subsidiary of MAN Energy Solutions, has—in close cooperation with Fjord1 and Multi Maritime in Norway— developed a marine fuel-gas system for liquefied hydrogen. As a fuel, hydrogen does not release any CO 2 and can play an important role in the transition to a clean, low-carbon, energy system.

Mariner

Mariner Hydrogen Gas Fuel

U Chicago, MIT study suggests ongoing use of fossil fuels absent new carbon taxes

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 24, 2016

A paper by a team from the University of Chicago and MIT suggests that technology-driven cost reductions in fossil fuels will lead to the continued use of fossil fuels—oil, gas, and coal—unless governments pass new taxes on carbon emissions. for oil, 24% for coal, and 20% for natural gas.

Chicago

Chicago MIT Carbon Tax

EIA: CO2 emissions from US power sector have declined 28% since 2005

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 24, 2018

US electric power sector CO 2 emissions have declined 28% since 2005 because of slower electricity demand growth and changes in the mix of fuels used to generate electricity, according to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). Source: US EIA, US Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions , 2017.

2005

2005 Emissions Power Powered

Shell outlines steps to net-zero business by 2050; to cut production of traditional fuels 55% by 2030

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 16, 2021

Global oil and gas major Shell has outlined how it will achieve its target to be a net-zero emissions energy business by 2050, in step with society’s progress towards achieving net zero. Crucially, it includes emissions from the oil and gas that others produce and Shell then sells as products to customers, making the target comprehensive.

Production

Production Fuel Oil Carbon

Ballard, Nisshinbo collaborate to offer first PEM fuel cell using non-precious-metal catalyst

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 13, 2017

Ballard Power Systems has collaborated with Nisshinbo Holdings to develop a Non-Precious-Metal Catalyst (NPMC) for use in the world’s first commercialized NPMC-based proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell product. Ballard FCgen‐1040 prototype fuel cell stack, with Non Precious Metal Catalyst (NPMC). Earlier post.). Click to enlarge.

Fuel

Fuel 2017 Hydrogen Carbon

Bosch study highlights potential of e-fuels to reduce CO2 emissions

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 22, 2017

According to a new study by Bosch, the use of e-fuels—synthetic fuels based on renewable energy—in Europe by 2050 as a scheduled supplement to electrification could save up to 2.8 gigatons of CO 2 : three times Germany’s carbon-dioxide emissions in 2016. Bottom: Fuel pathways. Source: Bosch.

Emissions

Emissions Fuel CO2 Gasoline-Electric

Argonne and NGO Energy Vision case studies demonstrate success of renewable natural gas as transport fuel

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 5, 2018

The US Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory and the sustainable energy NGO Energy Vision released two case studies assessing the results of projects that were among the first to produce Renewable Compressed Natural Gas (R-CNG) vehicle fuel by using anaerobic digesters to capture the biogases from decomposing organic waste.

Renewable

Renewable Gas Transportation Fuel

GWU research team C2CNT advances to the final round of the Carbon XPRIZE; CO2 to carbon nanotubes

Green Car Congress

APRIL 9, 2018

Stuart Licht, a chemistry professor at the George Washington University, and his team of researchers are among the finalists announced today in the $20-million Carbon XPRIZE competition. Stronger, more stress resistant & cheaper by weight than steel, C2CNT carbon nanotubes avoids > 160 ton CO 2 per ton steel replaced. Click to enlarge.

Carbon

Carbon Climate Change CO2 Climate

U of I study: synthetic fuels via CO2 conversion and FT not currently economically & environmentally competitive

Green Car Congress

JULY 3, 2016

A study by a team at University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign has found that, with currently achievable performance levels, synthetic fuels produced via the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 and the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process system are not economically and environmentally competitive with using petroleum-based fuel.

Conversion

Conversion Fuel CO2 Carbon

EPA: US GHG fell 0.5% y-o-y in 2017; power sector down by 4.2%, transportation up 1.21%

Green Car Congress

APRIL 15, 2019

Year-over-year, US greenhouse gas emissions were 0.5% lower in 2017 than the prior year (after accounting for sequestration from the land sector), and power sector emissions fell 4.2%, according to the 2019 edition of the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) annual report on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

2017

2017 EPA Transportation 2005

Rhodium Group estimates US GHG fell 2.1% in 2019, driven by coal decline

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 8, 2020

The Rhodium Group, an independent research provider, estimates that, after a sharp uptick in 2018, US greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions fell by 2.1% An increase in natural gas generation offset some of the climate gains from this coal decline, but overall power sector emissions still decreased by almost 10%. Coal-driven decline.

Coal

Coal 2019 2018 Gas-Electric

Toyota introduces second-generation Mirai fuel cell electric vehicle as design and technology flagship

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 17, 2020

For 2021, Toyota has fully rebooted the Mirai, originally offered in 2016, as a premium rear-wheel drive sports-luxury fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) with striking design, cutting-edge technology, more engaging driving performance and a significantly longer EPA-estimated range rating.

Toyota

Toyota Design Electric Vehicles Fuel

3 Oil Majors That Bet Big On Renewables

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 31, 2020

An analysis of near-term spending plans on renewables by the biggest oil and gas companies shows that real investments in renewable energy will continue to pale in comparison to capex plans for greenfield fossil fuel projects. Good case in point: Italian multinational oil and gas giant Eni S.p.A. 2 Total SA. 3 ENI SpA.

Oil

Oil Renewable Wind Gas-Electric

Tüpra? and Honeywell sign licensing agreement for the use of Honeywell UOP Ecofining technology; renewable diesel and SAF

Green Car Congress

JULY 10, 2022

SAF and renewable diesel have similar molecules to petroleum-based diesel and jet fuels and can be used as a drop-in replacement without engine modifications. In the case of SAF, it can be used in blends of up to 50% with the remainder as conventional (fossil based) jet fuel. As Tüpra?, In line with our future roadmap, Tüpra?

Renewable

Renewable Diesel Oil Waste

EIA projects US energy-related CO2 emissions to remain near current level through 2050; increased natural gas consumption

Green Car Congress

MARCH 22, 2019

Carbon dioxide emissions from S energy consumption will remain near current levels through 2050, according to projections in EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2019. USenergy-related carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuel energy consumption. US energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in AEO2019 Reference Case.

Gas

Gas Emissions Energy Coal

Rice study finds using natural gas for electricity and heating, not transportation, more effective in reducing GHGs

Green Car Congress

MARCH 9, 2016

Rice University researchers have determined a more effective way to use natural gas to reduce climate-warming emissions would be in the replacement of existing coal-fired power plants and fuel-oil furnaces rather than burning it in cars and buses.

Gas-Electric

Gas-Electric Gas Transportation Coal

Pacific states and BC agree to align GHG and clean energy policies; targeting 10% new vehicle ZEV purchases by 2016

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 29, 2013

The pact seeks to enhance cooperation through a range of activities, including: Accounting for the costs of greenhouse gas emissions in each jurisdiction. Oregon will build on existing programs to set a price on carbon emissions. Washington will set binding limits on carbon emissions and deploy market mechanisms to meet those limits.

Purchase

Purchase Oregon 2016 Washington

FPT Industrial launches e-Powertrain organization; showcases e-powertrains at IAA CV, including H2 fuel cell concept

Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 21, 2018

On display at the event are its electric powertrain solutions, including a new hydrogen fuel cell concept powertrain developed by FPT for IVECO. Diesel-hybrid and gas-hybrid powertrains. To further improve fuel consumption and performance a new electronic Variable Geometry Turbocharger has been introduced.

Concept

Concept Industry Industrial Fuel

EEA: small increase in EU’s total greenhouse gas emissions in 2017, with transport emissions up for the fourth consecutive year

Green Car Congress

MAY 30, 2019

Total greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union (EU) increased by 0.7% Less coal was used to produce heat and electricity but this was offset by higher industrial and transport emissions, the latter increasing for the fourth consecutive year. in 2017 compared with 2016. Source: EEA.

2017

2017 Emissions Transportation Gas

ExxonMobil predicts peak in light-duty vehicle liquid fuels ~2030, but ongoing role for oil in the mix

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 5, 2018

While the mix shifts toward lower-carbon-intensive fuels, the world will need to pursue all economic energy sources, the report says. As personal mobility increases, average new-car fuel economy (including SUVs and light trucks) will improve as well, rising from about 30 miles per gallon (7.83 l/100 km) in 2040. —T.J.

Light

Light Oil Fuel Vehicles

Bosch trialing Neste renewable diesel; aims to offer renewable and synthetic fuels at all company filling stations in Germany

Green Car Congress

DECEMBER 11, 2018

diesel,” this fuel is synthesized mainly from by-products and waste materials. Renewable and synthetic fuels can contribute greatly to limiting global warming. Synthetic and renewable fuels should be factored into the CO2 fleet regulation for passenger cars and trucks. This fuel contains up to 33% renewables.

Renewable

Renewable Germany Diesel Fuel

Latest GHG Inventory shows California remains below 2020 emissions target; much steeper rate of GHG reductions required

Green Car Congress

OCTOBER 23, 2020

California’s latest greenhouse gas data shows that while the state continues to stay below its 2020 target for emissions, there is much more work to do to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. California statewide GHG emissions dropped below the 2020 GHG Limit in 2016 and have remained below the 2020 GHG Limit since then.

2020

2020 California Emissions 2018

Nissan reaches 50% thermal efficiency with next-generation e-POWER system; STARC

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 26, 2021

Nissan’s e-POWER system utilizes an on-board gasoline engine to provide electrical energy to the e-powertrain battery pack. In pursuit of carbon neutrality across our product lifecycle by 2050, Nissan aims to electrify all new models launched in major markets by the early 2030s. The Nissan e-POWER System.

Nissan

Nissan Power Powered Gasoline-Electric

DOE to award up to $100M for SuperTruck3 and $62.75M for Low-GHG Vehicles Technology funding opportunities

Green Car Congress

APRIL 16, 2021

The US Department of Energy (DOE) announced two funding opportunities totaling more than $162 million to improve efficiency and reduce carbon emissions among cars, trucks, and off-road vehicles. The follow-up SuperTruck 2 in 2016 sought to double fuel efficiency for Class 8 trucks ( earlier post ).

Vehicles

Vehicles Peterbilt Gas-Electric Hydrogen

App-based mobile gas station Booster Fuels raises $20M in Series B

Green Car Congress

AUGUST 1, 2017

Booster , the app-based mobile gas station, has raised $20 million in a Series B round that will be used to drive growth and enhance the core experience of gas delivered to individual cars. Booster delivers and pumps gas in office parking lots, using custom-built purple mini-tankers that easily navigate tight spaces.

Gas

Gas Fort Worth San Francisco Fuel

ExxonMobil projects 25% energy demand increase between 2014-2040, 50% decline in carbon intensity; hybrids to be 40% of new car sales

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 25, 2016

Global energy demand will increase 25% between 2014 and 2040, driven by population growth and economic expansion, ExxonMobil forecasts in the 2016 edition of its annual The Outlook for Energy. The company forecasts modest gains for plug-in electric cars, with cost and functionality remaining barriers. Source: ExxonMobil.

2014

2014 Carbon Energy Fuel Economy

ExxonMobil, FuelCell Energy expand agreement to optimize carbonate fuel cell technology for large-scale carbon capture

Kawasaki, Subaru, Toyota, Mazda, and Yamaha partner on producing, transporting, and using carbon-neutral fuels, including hydrogen

Argonne releases new cradle-to-grave lifecycle analysis of US LDV vehicle-fuel pathways

Shell introduces new lifecycle approach to cut carbon footprint of aviation lubricants

Cleaner fuels have replaced more than 3B gallons of diesel under California Low Carbon Fuel Standard

Canada publishing final new Clean Fuel Regulations

California ARB posts discussion document on $500M FY 2016-17 spend for low carbon transportation and fuels; $230M to fund CVRP

California ARB: GHG emissions fell below 1990 levels for first time in 2016; down 13% from 2004 peak; transportation emissions up 2%

EIA: US energy-related CO2 emissions down 1.7% in 2016; carbon intensity of economy down 3.1%; transportation emissions up

Lufthansa, ETH Zürich, Climeworks & Synhelion to cooperate on Sustainable Aviation Fuels; CO2 capture & solar thermochemical conversion

Global Carbon Budget 2022: Global fossil CO2 emissions expected to grow 1.0% in 2022

Agility launches fifth-generation ProRail CNG fuel systems

Successful demonstration of FlexMethanol conversion of wind power to methanol

California Governor orders 5M ZEV target for 2030; more hydrogen fueling and EV charging stations

Geely testing Emgrand methanol hybrid sedan in -40 C conditions

California 2017 GHG inventory shows 1.2% total drop from 2016; transportation sector emissions up 1%

ICF report finds California Low Carbon Fuel Standard can be achieved with modest changes in diversity of fuels

UPS commits to aggressive goals for more alternative vehicles, fuel and renewable power by 2025

MAN Cryo first supplier to develop a marine, liquid-hydrogen fuel-gas system

U Chicago, MIT study suggests ongoing use of fossil fuels absent new carbon taxes

EIA: CO2 emissions from US power sector have declined 28% since 2005

Shell outlines steps to net-zero business by 2050; to cut production of traditional fuels 55% by 2030

Ballard, Nisshinbo collaborate to offer first PEM fuel cell using non-precious-metal catalyst

Bosch study highlights potential of e-fuels to reduce CO2 emissions

Argonne and NGO Energy Vision case studies demonstrate success of renewable natural gas as transport fuel

GWU research team C2CNT advances to the final round of the Carbon XPRIZE; CO2 to carbon nanotubes

U of I study: synthetic fuels via CO2 conversion and FT not currently economically & environmentally competitive

EPA: US GHG fell 0.5% y-o-y in 2017; power sector down by 4.2%, transportation up 1.21%

Rhodium Group estimates US GHG fell 2.1% in 2019, driven by coal decline

Toyota introduces second-generation Mirai fuel cell electric vehicle as design and technology flagship

3 Oil Majors That Bet Big On Renewables

Tüpra? and Honeywell sign licensing agreement for the use of Honeywell UOP Ecofining technology; renewable diesel and SAF

EIA projects US energy-related CO2 emissions to remain near current level through 2050; increased natural gas consumption

Rice study finds using natural gas for electricity and heating, not transportation, more effective in reducing GHGs

Pacific states and BC agree to align GHG and clean energy policies; targeting 10% new vehicle ZEV purchases by 2016

FPT Industrial launches e-Powertrain organization; showcases e-powertrains at IAA CV, including H2 fuel cell concept

EEA: small increase in EU’s total greenhouse gas emissions in 2017, with transport emissions up for the fourth consecutive year

ExxonMobil predicts peak in light-duty vehicle liquid fuels ~2030, but ongoing role for oil in the mix

Bosch trialing Neste renewable diesel; aims to offer renewable and synthetic fuels at all company filling stations in Germany

Latest GHG Inventory shows California remains below 2020 emissions target; much steeper rate of GHG reductions required

Nissan reaches 50% thermal efficiency with next-generation e-POWER system; STARC

DOE to award up to $100M for SuperTruck3 and $62.75M for Low-GHG Vehicles Technology funding opportunities

App-based mobile gas station Booster Fuels raises $20M in Series B

ExxonMobil projects 25% energy demand increase between 2014-2040, 50% decline in carbon intensity; hybrids to be 40% of new car sales

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