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New analysis has found increasing emissions of several ozone-depleting chemicals despite their production being banned for most uses under the Montreal Protocol—and a loophole in the rules is likely responsible. According to the researchers, emissions from these CFCs currently do not significantly threaten ozone recovery.
NOAA’s updated Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI), which measures the direct climate influence of many greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, shows a continued steady upward trend. in 2010—i.e., Started in 2004, the AGGI reached 1.29 This is slightly higher than the 2009 AGGI, which was 1.27—i.e., —i.e.,
Levels of two major air pollutants have been reduced significantly since lockdowns began in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, but a secondary pollutant—ground-level ozone—has increased in China, according to new research. Ozone is harmful to humans at ground-level, causing pulmonary and heart disease. —Guy Brasseur.
They found that the increase in ozone burden due to the spatial distribution change slightly exceeds the combined influences of the increased emission magnitude and global methane. Based on their findings, they suggested that emission increases in Southeast, East and South Asia may be most important for the ozone change.
Ozone levels across much of North America and Europe dropped significantly between 2000 and 2014. People living in parts of southern Europe, South Korea and southern Japan and China also experienced more than 15 days a year of ozone levels above 70 ppb. Trends in daily maximum ozone levels (known as 4MDA8) at urban and non-urban sites.
The two combine in the atmosphere to make either nitric acid or peroxynitrous acid; the so-called branching ratio of these two chemicals is important in models of ozone production. This means less of the hydroxyl radical and nitrogen dioxide go away, leading to proportionately more ozone, mostly in polluted areas, Okumura said.
Emissions of one of the chemicals most responsible for the Antarctic ozone hole are on the rise, despite an international treaty that required an end to its production in 2010, a new study by researchers at NOAA and their colleagues shows. —NOAA scientist Stephen Montzka, lead author of the paper.
In its recently released Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 – 2011 ( earlier post ), the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that methane (CH 4 ) emissions from the field production of natural gas have declined by 36% from 2007 to 2011 (from 83.1 a global warming potential of 21. (The
Denver represents an interesting case study for exploring potential PHEV impacts because it violates the federal air quality standard for ozone and because several large EGUs [electricity generating units] are located in or near the urbanized area. Ozone concentration increases were modeled for small areas near central Denver.
The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reached a new high in 2010 since pre-industrial time and the rate of increase has accelerated, according to the World Meteorological Organization’s (WMO) Greenhouse Gas Bulletin. Between 2009 and 2010, its atmospheric abundance increased by 2.3 parts per million).
Five technology paths for very-low-NO x and GHG emissions from heavy-duty natural gas engines. The “Pathways to Near-Zero-Emission Natural Gas Heavy Duty Vehicles” report, authored by GNA on behalf of Southern California Gas Co. Click to enlarge. Click to enlarge. Background. Click to enlarge.
A scatter plot of CO, as a tracer for pollution, versus CO 2 , as a tracer for the amount of combustion, for 2002 and 2010. Even though the CO 2 enhancements over background were comparable in the two years, about 25 ppm in 2002 and 35 ppm in 2010, the ?CO/?CO2 CO2 ratio for this flight track segment decreased from 24.5
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a new review of the Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). In October 2021, EPA announced a reconsideration of the previous Administration’s decision to retain the NAAQS for ozone. In many of the areas designated as not meeting the current 2015 standards, work remains.
W/m 2 before 2100 without overshoot by employment of a range of technologies and strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.). 55% of land area) by the middle of the century, and would increase by 3% and 4% the population-weighted average concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and ozone, respectively. (The RCP 4.5
Lisa P Jackson, Administrator of the US Environmental Protection Agency, issued a public memo to EPA employees detaling “ seven key themes to focus the work of our agency ” in 2010 and beyond. The seven themes are: Taking Action on Climate Change. Improving Air Quality.
In addition to studying the important issues at the nexus of the air quality and climate change problems, the goal of CalNex 2010 is also to provide scientific information regarding the trade-offs faced by decision makers when addressing these two inter-related issues. 2010 CalNex Science and Implementation Plan. emission inventories?
The California Energy Commission approved a $1-million grant to develop a 12-liter natural gas engine that produces near-zero nitrogen oxide (NO x ) tailpipe emissions. Cummins has a history of developing natural gas engines for heavy-duty application, and its engines are being used globally in a variety of commercial vehicles.
Increasing the reflectivity or albedo of roofs and pavements in urban areas could offset greenhouse gas emissions by a significant amount, according to an open access paper published last month in the IOP journal Environmental Research Letters. 5 014005 doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/5/1/01400.
The program funds projects to encourage the development and use of new technologies and alternative and renewable fuels, including electricity, natural gas, biomethane, hydrogen, and gasoline and diesel substitutes, such as cellulosic ethanol (derived from woody materials, including agricultural waste), and biodiesel from waste grease.
The process was presented during the 90 th Springtime Annual Meeting of The Chemical Society of Japan (CSJ), 26-29 March, 2010. Unlike other ethers, DME does not form peroxides, is non-toxic, has no effect on global warming nor ozone depletion and can be considered an environmentally friendly solvent.
The Bakken Formation, a shale oil and gas field in North Dakota and Montana, is emitting roughly 2% (about 250,000 tons per year) of the globe’s ethane, according to new study led by researchers at the University of Michigan. Between 2005 and 2014, the Bakken’s oil production jumped by a factor of 3,500, and its gas production by 180.
Despite reports that global emissions of the potent greenhouse gas, HFC-23, were almost eliminated in 2017, an international team of scientists, led by the University of Bristol, has found atmospheric levels growing at record values. This gas has very few industrial applications. —Dr Stanley. Resources. Stanley, D. Krummel, D.
NO x is a precursor for both ground level ozone and secondary PM 2.5 It is important to state that there are several technology paths to achieve these levels of emissions, and some of them can simultaneously lower greenhouse gas emissions, such that the NO x reductions do not compete with the CO 2 reductions.
Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change and stratospheric ozone destruction. It is produced via a microbial process called denitrification, which converts nitrogen to nitrous oxide and an inert gas called dinitrogen. Beaulieu et al. PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.1011464108. 1011464108.
Each of the four recipients will match a percentage of the grant amount with their own funds to purchase compressed natural gas-powered vehicles; retrofit diesel engines with cleaner technology; replace older, more polluting diesel buses with cleaner diesel buses; or purchase hybrid electric-powered buses.
Carefully choosing how we reduce greenhouse gas emissions will have the added benefit of reducing global health inequities. Climate change due to emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel energy sources causes air pollution by increasing ground-level ozone and concentrations of fine particulate matter. —Kirk R.
Cummins Westport ISL G near-zero (NZ) natural gas engine ( earlier post ) meets and exceeds the certification standards during a full range of duty cycles. The report concludes that ISL G near-zero natural gas engines perform with NO x emissions below the optional 0.02 Cycle averaged NO x emissions for the ISL G NZ 8.9
giga tonne carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO 2 eq) (2.2%) per year from 2000 to 2010 compared to 0.4 Total anthropogenic GHG emissions were the highest in human history from 2000 to 2010 and reached 49 (±4.5) GtCO 2 eq/yr in 2010. GtCO 2 eq (1.3%) per year from 1970 to 2000. Transport sector. Integrated urban planning, transit?oriented
Volatile organic compounds (VOC), which include hydrocarbons, are major air pollutants as well as precursors of harmful compounds such as tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols. The research is published in the journal Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.
Evaporative emissions from gasoline—volatile organic compounds (VOCs)—are precursors to the formation of tropospheric ozone and contribute to ground-level ozone. Nielsen (2010) Vapor Pressures of Alcohol-Gasoline Blends. Guide to Federal and State Summer RVP Standards for Conventional Gas Only (US EPA). Andersen, J.
The use of petroleum-derived fuels is an important source of reactive gas-phase organic carbon that provides key precursors to the formation of secondary OA (SOA) and tropospheric ozone. These compounds in un-burned gasoline and diesel fuel dominate vehicular emissions of reactive gas-phase carbon that have the potential to form SOA.
A study by researchers at Lund University in Sweden found that Swedish biofuels produce between 65 and 148% less greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline and diesel, even when direct and indirect land use changes are taken into account. 68% from biodiesel (RME). Direct and indirect land use changes were also studied. (A A hat-tip to John!).
As of 2010, biofuel production was contingent on subsidies, tax credits, the import tariff, loan guarantees, RFS2, and similar policies. Greenhouse gas emissions. The extent to which using biofuels rather than petroleum will reduce greenhouse gas emissions is uncertain, the report says. Barriers and opportunities.
The California Air Resources Board released its proposed greenhouse gas cap-and-trade regulation. A key part of ARB’s AB 32 Scoping Plan ( earlier post ), the cap-and-trade program provides an overall limit on the emissions from sources responsible for 85% of California’s greenhouse gas emissions. Offset Protocols.
60% of ground-level ozone (O 3 ) precursors, 6% of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), and 22% of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted. Efficiencies and emissions factors reported are for year 2010. On-road transportation accounts for approximately 20% of United States energy consumption. Associated tailpipe emissions alone account for 40?60%
The top set of recommendations call for: Replacing existing switch and medium horsepower locomotives with cleaner locomotives (2010-2013); Retrofitting switch and medium horsepower locomotive with particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) after-treatment devices (2012-2016); and. NO x helps create ground-level ozone, or smog.
The basic question addressed, which appears on the study homepage (epri-reports.org) is this: How would air quality and greenhouse gas emissions be affected if significant numbers of Americans drove cars that were fueled by the power grid? Cumulative GHG emissions reductions from 2010 to 2050 can range from 3.4 billion metric tons.
Springtime ozone distributions for 1984, 1995–2008 in the mid-troposphere (3.0–8.0 Springtime ozone levels above western North America are rising primarily due to air flowing eastward from the Pacific Ocean, a trend that is largest when the air originates in Asia. The US EPA recently proposed new tougher ground-level ozone standards.
The study, based on data from 2010 to 2015, estimates that 64% of these new cases of asthma occur in urban areas. NO 2 is just one component of air pollution, which is made up of many pollutants (including particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide), which are known to have numerous adverse effects on health. —Susan Anenberg.
From 2005 through 2020, total US greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are projected to rise by 4% under a “with measures” scenario (but without a cap-and-trade program and other complementary policies), from 7,109 Tg CO 2 Eq. to 7,416 Tg CO 2 Eq., The US submits a National Communication to the UN every 3-5 years. 5,813 Tg CO 2 Eq. 605 Tg CO 2 Eq.
The California Air Resources Board released the draft proposed first update to the AB 32 Scoping Plan, which guides development and implementation of California’s greenhouse gas emission reduction programs. The Air Resources Board is required to update the Scoping Plan every five years.
This SAE spec would make it so you could go to a gas station and they would have the proper voltage and plug for your car. but its never even been close to the amount of garbage that gas power vehicles produce. This would be like all laptop makers agreeing on the same plug to fit in all laptops.
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