Green Car Congress

SEPTEMBER 14, 2009

Lignin is a complex chemical compound (a cross-linked amorphous phenolic polymer) and is the biomass component with highest energy content (9,000 - 11,000 Btu/lb compared to 7,300 - 7,500 for cellulose, Johnson 2002). Chevron says tests have shown that this produced water does not inhibit the lignin conversion.

Chevron 249

Chevron Convert Fuel Supplies 249

Green Car Congress

MARCH 18, 2011

Water splitting provides ions that continuously regenerate the ion exchange resin and enables electrochemical solution pH control. RW-EDI has many potential uses including direct production and separation of products, product purification, desalination, salt waste recovery, and water recycling. Top: RW-EDI stack. Source: Argonne/Nalco.

Coal 210

Coal Waste Water 2002 210

Green Car Congress

JANUARY 13, 2013

Unintentional emission sectors: Coal burning, ferrous- and non-ferrous (Au, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) metal production, cement production. The session is expected to culminate in the adoption of a new convention by the 147 states attending the session to reduce mercury emissions and releases to the air, water and land. Source: UNEP.

Mercury 262

Mercury Emissions 2013 Global 262

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 24, 2011

Unlike coal-fired and natural gas-fired power generation plants, geothermal plants produce virtually no greenhouse gas emissions. The geothermal fluid heats a working fluid, such as isobutane or other organic fluids such as pentafluoropropane, which boils at a lower temperature than water. Bliem and G.L.

Oregon 170

Oregon Idaho 2002 Water 170

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 4, 2010

The glacial melt feeds rivers in China and throughout the Indian subcontinent and provide fresh water to more than one billion people. The pattern is very similar to a study Menon led in 2002, which found that black carbon led to droughts in northern China and extreme floods in southern China.

Carbon 186

Carbon India 2000 Bangladesh 186

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 23, 2017

Methanol, like ethanol, is an alcohol with inherent issues such as its solubility in water and corrosiveness. About two-thirds of China’s methanol feedstock is produced from coal and the remainder from coking gas (a by-product of steel production) and natural gas. Methanol in China.

2000 150

2000 2016 Fuel China 150

Green Car Congress

FEBRUARY 5, 2009

Hydrogen produced by water electrolysis has the potential to be a useful means of storing excess electricity generated using wind, solar, and other intermittent renewable energy. Integrated renewable hydrogen systems and public-private community-based partnerships. The 2015 cost target was $2-$3/gge.

Congress 150

Congress Hydrogen Market Fuel 150